Exploring Gender Conventions in Film Essay

The American melodrama film, Mildred Pierce, directed by Todd Haynes, was based on the 1941 novel, create verbally by James Cain. Mildred Pierce explores the roles of gender and cl understructure during the economic hardships of the stock market crash and the depression. This novel is a rattling effective representation of the 1930s and 1940s turmoil. An interview with Todd Haynes titled, Something That is Dangerous and Arousing and Transgressive, was d one and only(a) by Julia Leyda and in that interview, Todd Haynes explains that wo manpower, struggle with their embodiment, their identity, their social positions (Leyda).James Cain created Mildred to be a charr who expressed many several(predicate) attributes that women would non normally have during this age period and with the happening of the Great Depression. In his novel, Mildred represents a lower-middle-class woman who went through a divorce. Although she is a virtuoso p arnt in the beginning of the book, or as her fr iend Lucy calls it, a grass widow, she has the ambition to work and help Bert provide for their family.This book touches on a different aspect of gender expectations because during this time period many of the men did not have airs and the women were the ones working and earning money. This is evident through her x Bert, and her new husband (later in the film), Monty. Neither of them had jobs, she refers to them as loafs, and she does all that she can to provide for them. Mildred is embarrassed by some of the job offerings she got and does not want to thwart her self-aggrandizing daughter. As mentioned in chapter five, it is obvious that Mildred fears Veda.The novel reads She was afraid of Veda, of her snobbery, her contempt, her unbreakable spirit. And she was afraid of something that seemed always lurking under Vedas bland, phony toniness a cold, cruel, coarse believe to torture her mother, to humiliate her, above e actually(prenominal)thing else, to hurt her. Mildred apparent ly yearned for warm affection from this child but all she ever got was a stagy, affected counterfeit. (Cain 86) Mildred was constantly trying to incite Veda and her dreams of becoming rich, whereas in this familys present state, it was almost impossible.Mildred even had to break down and beat Veda because she had been so vicious toward her when all Mildred ever did was bust her ass to earn enough money for her children. And for a while, Mildred even kept work a secret so that her own children would not have to worry approximately their family falling a bump and finding out that they were lower middle class. One really important part of this book was when Mildred stood up to Veda and said, You may not shit it, but everything you have costs money, from the maid that you ordered to go traipsing with you to the pool, to your food, and everything else that you have (Cain 85).Mildred has a strong will to prevail her family strong, but at the same time she faces two weaknesses sleepin g with men, and having a strong devotion to please her daughter Veda, who lives in a fantasy wishing she were upper-class. It is odd because she resorts to sex when she encounters stress and her versed life is her sense of freedom but when it comes to her work life, she is constantly on the edge and she does not indulge in it. Work is often what causes the stress in her life. In addition, Monty has the same fantasy as Veda and in the end of the film we see Mildred being pushed away from both of them, and eventually they end up together. end-to-end the whole novel, Veda and Monty represent the upper-class and Mildred admires Veda so much because she is a reminder that there is hope to get to a better state during the depression. At one point in the novel Mildred even tells Veda that everything substantially happens on account of her. Haynes focuses on gender and class as huge themes in this film and he states that whats so fascinating about Mildred as a character is the way she has all of this potential for incredible productive and sexual success a willfulness and a sense that she deserves it.Of course, there are all kinds of things she has to overcome initially, the sense of pride, before she can go out and get a job and work her way up the ladder and discover her innate talents while at the same time being so thoroughly harnessed to a whole other set of terms that have everything to do with feminine identification and subjectivity, and mothering, and class. (Leyda) After Mildred accepts the fact that she must inherit a job, she becomes very good at what she does and she chooses all of her domestic attributes and converts them into the work-field through taking up a job at a restaurant.Compared to the other women and families during the time of depression, many of them lost jobs, grand amounts of money, homes, family, and many other things. With these important aspects on the line, Mildred remains strong and uses her willpower to overcome the obstacles t hrown her way. This touches on class a lot and Mildred does a phenomenal job at keeping her family secure through this very tough time. As a lower middle class woman stuck in the depression, Mildred was very resilient and hard working toward recovering from the stock market crash and the depression which left her and her family with almost nothing.Another film that deals a lot with gender is the 2009 spine-chilling horror film Splice, directed by Vincenzo Natali. This film features two young genetic engineering scientists, Elsa and Clive, who are trying to discover a new protein for pharmaceutic purposes. The blog post on shaviro. com about this movie reads, Splice never departs from being a genre film but the way it twists genre conventions is properly and original (Shaviro). This movie reworks some of the themes and motifs that appeared in Frankenstein and Eraserhead.Throughout the entire film, Elsa seems to be the better educated of the two, but together they create a blob-like figure in each gender, and as they are developing they will soon be presented to their team to show them reproducing. While all of this was happening, Elsa and Clive decide that since they were successful with the first part of their experiment, they would like to make it more challenging and add human desoxyribonucleic acid to the specimen (although they were told not to because of the dangers) and see what the end result is. Once again, they are successful and they have now created a new creature with human desoxyribonucleic acid in it.Clive wants to kill it which shows his aggressive and protective side, two qualities often found in males but Elsa becomes very attached to it and obtains motherly qualities toward it which is evidently linked to women gender expectations. Mentioned in the blog post, Most of the movie is taken up with Elsas mothering of Dren, with Clive as the somewhat distant father figure. And this is where any prejudice that mothering might be natural, or in herently feminine, or inherently hardwired in Elsas, or any womans, genes, definitively breaks down (Shaviro).Elsa convinces Clive to keep it alive so that they can study it closely, when all she really wants is to protect it like her own child it does contain her own DNA after all. She has a horrific style of parenting in that she treats Dren with respect at one moment, and then flips the complete opposite the next. From the interview, the author says that, There is clearly something vain and self-obsessed here all the more so when we learn that Clive wants to have a child, but Elsa is reluctant (Shaviro).Elsa decides to play it safe and instead of bearing her own child, which would take her away from her work and give her less control, she genetically creates Dren a hybrid of animal DNA as well as her own. As it grows up, they must keep it a secret because they were never authorized to do so by their company. Clive grows very attached and attracted to Dren, but later finds out th at Elsa put her own DNA into the creature and he is furious with her and realizes that this is why she had become so obsessive and protective over Dren.She even gets angry with Clive when he refers to Dren as a specimen and not a she. As Elsa and Clive are absentmindedly worrying about their own problems as a couple, the two creatures they created in the beginning, Fred and Ginger, undergo a preternatural switch. Ginger switches from a male to female while they are presenting their new specimen to their research team. In this part of the film Ginger and Fred (both males at this point) savagely murder each other instead of reproducing like intended, leaving the audience in shock with blood and guts flying freely.Because Elsa and Clive were so involved in Dren and had been neglecting their real experiment, everything went wrong. This goes to show just how restricted the gender expectations are among humans. It labels males as violent and aggressive, especially toward each other, whi ch touches on the way society sees gay men and how unacceptable it appears to be. Another few actions that represent the expectations of gender are when Elsa treats Dren like her own child and forces a motherly figure, and when Clive has sex with Dren.This scene is really distressing because one, the creature isnt human, and two, Dren has some of his girlfriends DNA in her. Toward the end of the film things get even worse. Dren also switches from female to male and attacks a few people and then kills Clive with the retractable stinger in his tail, then he rapes Elsa and Elsa gets away and kills him before he does anymore destruction. This points out that men are very inclined to sex and are almost seen as uncontrollable. It also makes women seem more vulnerable, especially with Elsa being raped by Dren later in the film.In the very last scene of the film, Elsa is pregnant with Drens baby and is going to have the baby and give it to the company for more experimentation and does not seem to care, even though it is very crude. The interview reads, Splices focus upon a woman instead of a man as the feisty scientist figure whose creations ultimately lead to catastrophe has been quite a point of contention (Shaviro) and this is a different aspect to the movie Frankenstein, which was basically the same plan with a ale scientist and no technology. In conclusion the interview claimed, Gender roles are oddly reinforced The film entirely scrambles our sense of what is natural and what is artificial (Shaviro). Splice is very twisted and touches on a lot of weird expectations that society has made out for men and women. It paints men to be very controlling, defiant, and drawn toward sex, and it paints women to be very motherly, protective of their children, and caring toward others.

Ernest Miller Hemingway

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and ordinary image. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Hemingways fiction was successful because the characters he presented exhibited authenticity that resonated with his audience. more of his works are classics of American literature. He published seven sassys, six short legend collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime a further tether novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously.Hemingway was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After leaving high school he worked for a few months as a reporter for The Kansas City Star, before leaving for the Italian front to become an ambulance driver during World War I, which became the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms. He was seriously wounded and returned home within the year. In 1922 Hemingway married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives, and the couple travel to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent. During his time there he met and was influenced by modernist writers and artists of the 1920s expatriate community known as the Lost Generation. His first novel, The lie Also Rises, was written in 1924.After divorcing Hadley Richardson in 1927 Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer they divorced following Hemingways return from covering the Spanish Civil War, after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls. Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940, but he left her for Mary Welsh Hemingway after World War II, during which he was present at D-Day and the liberation of Paris.Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952 Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was virtually killed in a compre ssed crash that left him in pain or ill-health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba during the 1930s and 40s, but in 1959 he moved from Cuba to Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.Elements of FictionPlot, Setting, Character, Conflict, Symbol, and Point of View are the main elements which fiction writers use to develop a story and its Theme. Because literature is an art and not a science, it is impossible to particularizedally quantify any of these elements within any story or to guarantee that for each one will be present in any given story. Setting might be the most important element in one and almost nonexistent in another. Just as a Crime Scene Investigator cannot approach a crime scene look for a specific clue (e. g., shell casings), you as a reader cannot approach a story decide to look for a specific element, such as Symbol. To come in could blind you to important elements. Both the CSI team and you must examine the entire area carefully to determine what is present and how it is important. With that understanding, lets examine the elements.

Explore the ways in which Shakespeare presents male characters Essay

The female characters in hamlet have several vital roles within the play that serve to add depth and interest to the overall plot. Shakespeare employs the women to emphasize key themes such as betrayal, that might not otherwise be drawn out, and as well as enable the hearing to gain a deeper understanding of the main male characters through the way in which they view and conduct women. It is important to closely examine the male-female interaction and relationships in order to understand how Shakespeare uses the women as a dramatic device.The main male characters of Hamlet, Claudius, Polonius and Laertes are repeatedly shown to possess negative postures towards women. These attitudes result in unjust, oppressive and abusive relationships with the female characters of Gertrude and Ophelia. The primary male character, Hamlet, bears no exception to this general negativity order at women. Shakespeare presents Hamlet as a man with a progressive hatred of womankind, having a damagi ng influence upon his relationships with the female characters.Shakespeare implies the reason for Hamlets increased negativity to be his mothers remarriage to his uncle, Claudius. The extent this has affected Hamlet is implied through repeated mention of it, such as in his back up soliloquy when he speaks of Claudius two crimes as making his mother a whore and the murder of his fetch. Here, Shakespeare uses the order in which Hamlet lists Claudius crimes to convey which event Hamlet views most severely. Damage buzz offd by the remarriage is again seen through Hamlets resulting negativity towards women.One such attitude is the belief that women are overtly sexual. Upon Hamlets detect meeting with Ophelia, he comments unfavourably on her tendency as a woman to jig, amble and lisp. Shakespeares chosen combination of verbs implies that Hamlet thinks women to have an inherently flirtatious nature. Hamlet also speaks to Ophelia of womens wantonness becoming their ignorance, implying that sexual desires become their downfall. It seems that this view of women as sexual tempters leads Hamlet to believe that they should be cut off from men, so as not to cause men detriment.Shakespeare conveys this through Hamlets instruction to Ophelia to get thee to a nunnery repeating this line to discuss his conviction that women should remain separate so their overtly sexual nature cannot negatively influence men. Shakespeare emphasizes this through the forceful language Hamlet uses to instruct Ophelia in this action, for example go, and quickly too and that she must go now. Through Hamlets repetition of the imperative verb go, Shakespeare conveys his commanding tone, leaving the audience with no doubt of his vehemence.Shakespeare again shows Hamlets problem with womens sexuality through his antipathy at his mothers relationship with Claudius. In Hamlets first soliloquy he speaks of the speed of the marriage, verbalise how Gertrude did post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets. Here, Shakespeares repetition of s sounds acts as a sibilant to emphasise that Hamlet is hissing the words, conveying disgust at his mothers remarriage and sexual relationship. In negatively viewing the sexuality of some(prenominal) women in his life, Shakespeare hints that Hamlet not entirely has a problem with them individually, but that his grudge also lies with womankind.This is epitomized through his suggestion to Ophelia at the Chance opposition that there should be no more marriage, thus effectively terminating sexual relationships. Hamlets disapproval of womens sexuality is linked with his belief that they have a ruinous influence upon men. Shakespeare shows this attitude through the way that in the Chance Meeting with Ophelia, Hamlet suggests that women in general corrupt men, saying wise men know well enough what monsters you make of them. Shakespeare again shows Hamlet blaming women for mens faults including his own insanity, saying their flirtatious games hath made him mad.Thus, Hamlet is shown to hold women as scapegoats, accountable for mens faults. Hamlets negative attitudes of women combine to produce unequal and oppressive relationships with both women in his life. Shakespeare demonstrates the imbalance in Hamlets relationship with Ophelia through the way the two characters treat one another so differently. Whilst Hamlet carries out a character assassination of her in the Chance Meeting saying that she is corrupt and a sinner, Ophelia glorifies him. Ophelia implies that Hamlet is awed saying he is observe and the glass of fashion.Also, Ophelia believes him to be of good character, saying he has a noble mind. This suggests Ophelias adoration of Hamlet, prior to his madness, and hints at her love for him. Through this contrast between Ophelias give-and-take of Hamlet with his of her, Shakespeare indicates who dominates their imbalanced relationship. The result is confusion and pain for the subservient Ophelia, shown through her repe ated questions such as what means this my lord? and her declaration of grief at Hamlets rejection, proclaiming O woe is me.

Leadership Theories: the Evolution of Context Essay

This paper defines stage setting as it relates to leadinghip and the comprehension of mount in lead theories. I will show examples of varied drawing cardship styles and how they relate to the mount of leading. In closing, I will reflect on the challenges of contextual theories and how these challenges spate be met in the current surround. Meaning of Context and Treatment in leaders Research polar types of leadership often expect to be applied in a distinct manner, depending on the context and who is involved.Osborn, Hunt, & Jauch (2002) indicated leadership theory and research postulate to expand to the complex levels of leadership. The authors further posited leadership theory essentials to explore the dynamism involving the context in which leadership takes dictate, rather than to study leadership taking place in a vacuum. Here, the authors referred to context as the circumstances or parameters that cause utile leaders to emerge. attractorship in context takes on ma ny variant characteristics and certain circumstances can cause divers(prenominal) actions.A closer examination of the linkages between components of theory increases ones understanding of several(prenominal) differences in leadership development (Allen, Shankman, & Miguel, 2012). Authors Osborn, Hunt, & Jauch (2002) illustrated four contexts of leadership stability, crisis, slashing residual, and edge of chaos. Stability takes into account surrounding outer circumstances involving the composition of organizations, scopes, and skill sets. Stability examines the various measures of leadership to improve and to develop objectives for anticipated circumstances.I worked with a leader who demonstrated stability in a position however, that same leader transferred to a different position and she became unstable. In the previous position, the leader was confident in her role, encouraged interaction from the team, and do team members feel comfortable to approach her at any time. The le ader transitioned to a new contract, and a new client and things changed. The leader became unapproachable, and she became overwhelmed by her role and the pressures of the job. A lack of stability in this environment was evident because team members did not have effective leadership.Eventually, that person resigned and moved on to a less(prenominal) demanding and less stressful position. Crisis can be delimit as, a emplacement that threatens high priority goals that short occurs with little or no chemical reaction (Hermann, 1969). A crisis causes changes in the leadership context that compel leaders to adjustment to the situation. A change in the context can be the defining moment of a leaders effectiveness and leadership ability. Crisis may be unavoidable in some situations, only an effective leader will plan before, during, and after a crisis.Contingency plans, communications plans, and strong leadership can assist in alleviating some of the stress associated with a crisis. Leaders must recognize when to proxy authority if and when the need arises. The third context of leadership is a dynamic equilibrium, defined as a gradually increasing change. In a dynamic organizational system, the role of leadership is to support fence forces and harness the constant tension between them, enabling the system to improve (Nonaka & Toyama, 2002 Teece & Pisano, 1994 Weick & Quinn, 1999).Various components affect dynamic equilibrium in leadership, such as, technology, external forces, and market conditions. To improve, the organization has to maintain a dynamic equilibrium among the various components. The authors referred to fourth context of leadership as, edge of chaos. Edge of chaos can be defined as being on the verge of pandemonium, but not quite there. Virtually, everything is tainted, but not so tainted that the organization implodes or explodes (Authors Osborn, Hunt, & Jauch 2002). If everything is tainted, there would be complete chaos in the organization.N ew Factors and the inclusion body of Context in Leadership Theories The emerging field of cross- heathenish leadership research has underscored the importance of examining how the inclusion of the context in models of leadership may alter how effective or desirable leadership is operationally defined, measured, and interpreted. Integration of culture as a contextual factor in models of leadership necessitates that researchers consider the cultural implicit theories of both leaders and followers, the cultural implicit heories of both leaders and followers, the interpretation of enacted behaviors, the broader cultural context in which leaders and followers interact, the duration of the leaderfollower relationship, and exogenous events that may trigger different interpretations of leadership, such as instability, uncertainty, and growth (Avolio, B. , 2007). A Leader Who Effectively Engaged With Context Leadership / Leader Who Failed To Read and Engage with Context Leadership Effective lyLeadership in context may encounter numerous characteristics, which may put leadership in conflict. Examples of leadership that may effectively engage at bottom context are doctors who work in an emergency room of a hospital (Hannah, Uhl-Bien, Avolio, & Cavarretta, 2009). In this example, the authors suggested doctors may show high levels of leadership when put in extreme circumstances frequently. Consequently, there is a need to be prepared constantly and to maintain high levels of vigilance and situational awareness to ensure quick and exact responses.Examples of leadership that may fail to engage within context are managers within a hotel (Hannah, Uhl-Bien, Avolio, & Cavarretta, 2009). In this example hotel managers may fail to be prepared and develop safety procedures in case of a fire emergency. The authors explained that because of the relatively minimal chances of a fire occurring coupled with the surety of an adequate rescue response from authorities, hotel managers are less likely to make preparations in case of a fire.According to this premise, managers may not manifest any leadership tendency because circumstances do not create a need to exercise leadership (Hannah, Uhl-Bien, Avolio, & Cavarretta, 2009). Differences in Leadership Styles and Approaches In the first example, the leaders demonstrated a gumption of urgency and an understanding of responsibility which requires immediate reaction as leaders. In the second example, leaders do not demonstrate the same urgency. The leaders are of the mindset that someone else will respond if the situation occurs.Each situation determines the leadership style which accomplishes the organizations goals and vision therefore, there is not a best leadership style or approach. Challenges of Developing Contextual Theories of Leadership Efficiency may add with leadership, but leadership can be overpowering and complex. Innovation of alliances is not always required for leadership. However, a study conducted by Osborn & Marion (2009) examined the aspects of contextual leadership in which transformational leadership was dysfunctional for the innovation of alliances.Todays technology enables leaders to influence followers virtually. Even though, the follower may not be in the same location as the leader, this should not create an issue with leaders motivating followers to sign an assignment. Purvanova and Bono (2009) suggested leadership through virtual means may exhibit the same behaviors as the traditional individualized style. The authors argued that leaders may adapt behavior based on context of the situational demand. An example of a leaders virtual influence is the course for which this paper is written.The professor influences the class to improve writing skills by assigning additional exercises to better prepare for the doctoral study. In addition, the class is encouraged to relate personal experiences to tie in with assigned readings and research. The context determines the matt er in which leaders influence their follower, whether leadership is conducted opposite or virtually. How Contextual Theories of Leadership Challenges Can Be Met The examples above demonstrated the dynamics and complexity of contextual leadership.Challenges in contextual leadership can be met by examining the factors for the source and development of leadership. The initial footfall is to determine the situation, analyze the nature of leadership, and document the context of the leadership development. Similarities can assist in find the effective leaders of the future. Theories on leadership have determined that leadership is about showing flexibleness in our ever changing environment and applying the appropriate leadership context in the ideal situation. oddment The subject of leadership garnered much research and study. Leadership consists of a variety of characteristics and complexities involving the context in which leadership takes place. Analyzing the complexity of the contex t of leadership can aid in determining future leaders. To understand individual differences in the context of leadership requires additional study. Further research will assist educators and scholars with the added knowledge of applying effective leadership.

Safety Training

OSHAcademy course of instruction 755 turn over attract secure 2011 Geigle Communications LLC OSHAcademy persist 755 strike play OSHAcademy syllabus 755 Study learn BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS procure (c) 2000-2011 Geigle Communications, LLC. no(prenominal)portion of this text whitethorn be reprinted for different than person-to-person intent. Any commercial consumption of this document is strictly forbidden. Contact the author to arrange for role as a containing document. This study guide is designed to be reviewed get through-line as a whoreson for preparation to success richly complete OSHAcademy Online lead 724. which bequeath contain the correct answers to the questions.The final examination exam get out contain questions admitn from distributively module quiz. I hope you enjoy the course and if you shit alone questions, feel put out to email or c entirely Read individually module, answer the quiz questions, and hold online to submit the quiz. Print the qu iz response screen St withal Geigle, M. A. , CET, CSHM Geigle resistative concourse Inc. 515 NW Saltzman Road 767 Portland, operating room 97229 www. oshatrain. org www. cshmprep. com email encourageed net 503. 292. 0654 right of first publication 2011 Geigle Communications LLC OSHAcademy form 755 Study institute up communication channel Introduction Why do I carry to learn somewhat the pretend of occupational photograph to originborne pathogens?OSHA estimates more than 5. 6 cardinal seduceers argon at encounter of picture of occupational image to declensionborne pathogens. either occupational motion-picture show to beginning or separate potencyly infective visibles (OPIM) bunk workers at risk for infection with logical argumentborne pathogens. Workers in m both divers(prenominal) occupations be at risk of vulnerability to gunstockborne pathogens, including Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency computer virus/AIDS. First upkeep team mem bers, housekeeping force play in some settings, nurses and other wellnessc ar tinrs atomic number 18 examples of workers who may be at risk of film.Copyright 2011 Geigle galosh convention Inc. 1 OSHAcademy cable 755 Study break away mental faculty 1 WHAT ARE BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS? What argon descentborne pathogens? Bloodborne pathogens are infective materials in blood that sack up cause disease when transmitted from an infected mavin-on-one to a nonher individual through blood and certain luggage com graphemement tranquils. Bloodborne pathogens are capable of causing earnest illness and death. The most common illness ca apply by bloodborne pathogens are hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS) from human immunodeficiency virus, or gentlemans gentleman immunodeficiency computer virus.Who is cover by OSHAs Bloodborne Pathogens standard? The standard applies to all employees who perplex occupational exposure to blood or other e mfly morbific materials (OPIM). ? Occupational exposure is specify as reasonably anticipated kowtow, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or OPIM that may result from the carry outance of the employees duties. ? Blood is defined as human blood, human blood components, and products do from human blood. ? Other potencyly septic materials (OPIM) representation a.The deriveing human form fluids cum, vaginal secretions, cerebro spinal anesthesia fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amnic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, whatever soundbox fluid that is visibly soil with blood, and all body fluids in situations where it is difficult or im thinkable to differentiate between body fluids b. Any unfixed interweave or organ (other than intact climb) from a human (living or dead) and Copyright 2011 Geigle synthetic rubber crowd Inc. 2 OSHAcademy course of study 755 Study soak up c.HIV-containing cell or tissue cultu res, organ cultures, and HIV- or HBV-containing culture medium or other solutions and blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV. The liveing references abet in recognizing workplace hazards associated with bloodborne pathogens. What is the purpose of OSHAs Bloodborne Pathogens standard? The purpose of the standard is to defame or separate occupational exposure to disease-carrying microorganisms or pathogens that tolerate be tack together in human blood and body fluids. Who essential be trained under OSHAs Bloodborne Pathogens standard?OSHA has mandated annual training is required for all employees with potential occupational exposure. This means if in that respect is a reasonable possibility an employee might be assailable to blood or other potentially morbific bodily fluids, they moldiness receive training to besmirch or withdraw their risk to potential exposure. What are the primary bloodborne pathogens? The primary bloodborne pathogens are ? ? ? Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Other usually recognized pathogens transmitted by body fluids complicate ? ? ? western hemisphere Nile Virus Malaria SyphilisOSHA has nail downd employers can play down or even eliminate occupational bloodborne hazards by developing and enforcing a combination of exposure reckon strategies which work for all bloodborne diseases. It is non enough for an employer to provide bloodborne pathogens training they moldiness also withdraw a formal exposure control plan document and implemented. knowledge Is Not Enough An Employer Must Implement A Formal motion-picture show authority externalize Copyright 2011 Geigle safe sight Inc. 3 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Stanley is an employee for a small manufacturing comp each. ace of Stanleys business organisation responsibilities is to suffice to health check emergencies that might happen in the warehouse. Stan ley has worked for his employer for five eld and has never had to respond to an necessity. Does Stanley so far need to receive annual bloodborne pathogens training? Yes The frequency in which an employee is capable to potential bloodborne pathogens is not the standard used to determine the need for training. Because there is a reasonable possibility that Stanley might be heart-to-heart to bloodborne pathogens as an employee, he essential receive annual training.Neither Stanley nor his employer can predict when he might need to provide emergency medical care. Copyright 2011 Geigle dependablety theme Inc. 4 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 1 QUIZ 1. As part of Kevins hypothesize he is required to provide emergency inaugural aid to employees that set out injured or ill while at work. What are the three primary bloodborne pathogens Kevin moldiness be witting of collectible to occupational exposure? a. wolfram Nile Virus, Influenza, and MalariaUrgent and immediate lifesaving and other measures, which can be performed for injured or ill persons by nonmedical personnel when medical personnel are not immediately available. . Hepatitis B, Syphilis, and Malaria c. Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus d. Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Influenza, and Small Pox 2. Samantha is an employee covered by the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard 29 CFR 1910. 1030. How often must(prenominal)(prenominal) she complete bloodborne pathogen training? a. once b. annually c. all(prenominal) 2 historic period d. each 4 years 3. What is the purpose of OSHAs Bloodborne Pathogens standard? a. To ensure that companies dont unnecessarily train employees about bloodborne pathogens. b. To derogate or eliminate occupational exposure to pathogens that can be found in inorganic matter. c.To minimize or eliminate occupational exposure to disease-carrying microorganisms or pathogens that can be found in human blood and body fluids. d. To increase the li kelihood that employees are identifyd to bloodborne pathogens. Copyright 2011 Geigle synthetic rubber collection Inc. 5 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide 4. Who is covered by OSHAs Bloodborne Pathogens standard? a. Only customary employees b. Only EMTs, Nurses, and Doctors. c. Employees who DO NOT have occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). d. All employees who have occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). . In regards to OSHAs Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, occupational exposure is defined as _______. a. reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or OPIM that may result from the performance of the employees duties b. reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or OPIM while at home c. exposing your employer to legal liability d. skin contact with chemical solutions while in the performance of the employees duties Copy right 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 6 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 2 SPECIFIC BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the primary causes of Hepatitis, an infection which causes inflammation of the liver-colored. Complications of Hepatitis include cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and liver failure. in that hole is no know cure for the Hepatitis B virus. In the United States, approximately 15 to 25 percent of volume infected with HBV provide die because of the illness. Hepatitis B can be either a inflicte or chronic. ? Acute Hepatitis B virus infection is a short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months later onwards mortal is exposed to the Hepatitis B virus. Acute infection can, but does not ever, lead to chronic infection. Chronic Hepatitis B virus infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the Hepatitis B virus lives in a persons body. Chronic Hepatitis B is a serious disease that can result in l ongterm health problems, and even death. Symptoms of HBV Symptoms of HBV infection include, but are not limited to ? ? ? ? ? ? Loss of appetite Fatigue Fever Nausea, purge and/or abdominal muscle pain Joint pain Jaundice seen in the eyes Jaundice, a type of hepatitis B, often first appears in the eyes Jaundice, also called icterusis, is a lily-livereding of the skin or eyes and occurs in the more serious phase of Hepatitis B virus.Hepatitis B can damage the liver, resulting in decreased liver function. As the Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 7 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide livers ability to pervade burn out from the blood decreases, the concentration of waste in the blood increases. Only about 50 to 60 percent of individuals infected with Hepatitis B virus show symptoms. It is classic to scan even without symptoms, HBV-infected individuals are still infectious to others. Exposure An exposure that might place a worker at risk for HBV, HCV, or HIV infection is defin ed as 1. a percutaneous injury (e. . , a needlestick or cut with a frizzly objective lens) or 2. contact of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e. g. , exposed skin that is chapped, abraded, or afflicted with dermatitis) with blood, tissue, or other body fluids that are potentially infectious. In operate exposure from contaminate objects is a risk, because Hepatitis B virus can remain infectious on environmental surfaces for up to a week (7 days) in the form of modify blood. This means you must ever so treat blood, irritated or dry, as infectious Vaccination A vaccination to prevent Hepatitis B virus infection is available.The Hepatitis B vaccine serial publication is a sequence of three cam strokes, typically given one month apart, that deliver a persons natural insubordinate system to protect against the virus. subsequently the vaccine is given, the body makes antibodies to protect a person against the virus. Antibodies are specialized proteins found in the blood that pr oduce an immune response to a virus invading the body. These antibodies are stored in the body to guard against future infections. They impart fight off an infection if a person is exposed to the Hepatitis B virus in the future. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Michelle is a custodian in a public elementary condition. At the end of each school day, she cleans and vacuums the building, including the schools health room. While cleaning the health room she notices some dried blood on the floor. Should Michelle be concerned about exposure to Hepatitis B virus? Yes. Any blood, wet or dry, has the potential to carry infectious Hepatitis B virus. As a result, Michelle must take precautions to prevent potential exposure to bloodborne pathogens, including Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is also a epochal cause of severe liver damage and death. Although only 849 cases of confirmed stabbing Hepatitis C were reported in the United States in 2007, Center for Disease bid (CDC) estimates approximately 17,000 freshly Hepatitis C virus infections occurred that year, later on ad dependableing for asymptomatic infection and underreporting. Persons revolutionaryly infected with Hepatitis C virus are usually asymptomatic, so acute Hepatitis C is rarely identified or reported. Approximately 3. 2 million persons in the United States have chronic Hepatitis C virus infection.Chronic Hepatitis C virus infection accounts for an estimated 8,000-10,000 deaths each year in the United States. Approximately 5% of mess infected with Hepatitis C virus die as a result of the long term damage caused to the liver and body. Approximately 70%-80% of people with acute Hepatitis C do not have any symptoms. Some people, however, can have mild to severe symptoms currently later on being infected, including ? ? ? ? Fever Fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 9 OSHAcademy C ourse 755 Study Guide ? ? ? ? ? ?Vomiting Abdominal pain Dark peeing Clay-colored catgut movements Joint pain Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or eyes) If symptoms occur, the average time is 6-7 weeks after exposure, but this can range from 2 weeks to 6 months. However, many people infected with the Hepatitis C virus do not develop symptoms. Hepatitis C virus-infected individuals are infectious to other people, whether they show symptoms or not. Interestingly, Hepatitis C virus is strictly a human disease. It is not known to cause disease in any animals. Blood testing for Hepatitis C virus was not available until 1992.As a result, blood givingss agencies did not screen for Hepatitis C virus. Many Hepatitis C virus infections occurred as a result of receiving blood products from infected individuals. Today, testing for Hepatitis C is common place and should occur after any exposure to potential bloodborne pathogens has occurred. There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C. Scenario Manu el is a nurse working nights in the local anesthetic hospital. During a teddy bear in the emergency department he is stuck with a used needle that punctures his skin and draws blood. Is Manuel at risk for contracting Hepatitis C? Yes.After a needlestick or sharps exposure to Hepatitis C-positive blood, the risk of infection is approximately 1. 8%. Manuel should immediately report the potential exposure and follow his employers exposure control plan to ensure he receives proper medical treatment and testing. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 10 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide There are approximately 200 million people worldwide infected with the Hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis C infections are treated with antiviral drugs, such as interferon. As of 2004, approximately 63% of Hepatitis C virus patients could expect to be cured of the virus.Any blood spills including dried blood, which can still be infectious should be cleaned using a dilution of one part household bleach to 10 parts water. Gloves should be worn out when cleaning up blood spills. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus responsible for causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The HIV virus was originally identified on December 1st, 1981. At the end of 2006, an estimated 1. 1 million persons in the United States were living with diagnosed or undiagnosed HIV/AIDS. In 2007, 42,655 untried cases of HIV/AIDS in adults, adolescents, and children were diagnosed.Almost 5,500 people die all day due to AIDS. AIDS caused 2 million deaths in 2008. An estimated 25 million people have died from HIV-related causes since the beginning of the pandemic. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus attacks and suppresses the immune system, reducing a persons ability to fight infection. The virus specifically targets the cells crucial for fighting infection from pathogens. This allows diseases and infections to provoke without resistance. Within a fewer week s of being infected with HIV, some people develop flu-like symptoms that last for a week or dickens, but others have no symptoms at all.People living with HIV may appear and feel healthy for several years. However, even if they feel healthy, HIV is still affecting their bodies. untreated early HIV infection is also associated with many diseases including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, and cancer. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 11 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Stacy is a police officer employed by the urban center of Denver, Colorado. She is regularly required to respond to emergency medical situations, often arriving before the local ambulance company.As a result, Stacy is frequently exposed to human blood. Is Stacy likely to contract HIV from exposure to infected blood? No. As long as Stacy follows universal precautions she is not likely to contract HIV. Universal precautions involve the use of protecting(prenominal) barriers such as gloves, gowns, aprons, masks, or protective eyewear, which can reduce the risk of exposure of the first aid providers skin or mucous membranes to potentially infective materials. It can take many years before an HIV-infected person displays symptoms of the disease. Symptoms include ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Enlarged lymph nodes Fatigue Frequent fevers Persistent or frequent yeast infections of the mouth or vagina Persistent or frequent skin rashes Short-term memory loss pitch loss Enlarged liver and spleen As with Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus, it is important to understand that individuals with HIV are potentially infectious to others, even though they may have no manifest symptoms. Presently, there is no known cure for HIV. Although the life expectancy for HIV-infected individuals has increased due to recent advances in treatment, the end result of HIV/AIDS is premature death. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 12OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide HIV cannot reproduce outside the human body. It is not spread by ? ? ? ? ? demarcation or water. Insects, including mosquitoes. Studies conducted by CDC researchers and others have shown no evidence of HIV transmission from insects. Saliva, tears, or sweat. There is no documented case of HIV being transmitted by spitting. mundane contact like quivering pass ons or communion dishes. Closed-mouth or loving kissing. All reported cases suggesting new or potentially unknown routes of transmission are thoroughly investigated by state and local health departments with assistance, guidance, and laboratory expect from CDC.Disease Comparison Of the three major bloodborne pathogens, Hepatitis B virus is the most contagious. Approximately 33% of individuals exposed to Hepatitis B virus will become infected. Of those individuals exposed to Hepatitis C virus, only about 2% will become infected. Comparatively, Human Immunodeficiency Virus is much less contagious than either form of hepatitis. About 0. 33%, or 1 in 300 , people exposed to HIV will become infected with the virus. in spite of these statistics, every exposure has the potential to transmit bloodborne pathogens and must be considered significant. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 3 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 2 QUIZ 1. The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) may remain infectious on contaminate objects or surfaces for up to _______. a. b. c. d. 3 hours 24 hours 3 days 7 days 2. What percentage of individuals infected with Hepatitis B virus display symptoms? a. b. c. d. 10-15% 25-35% 50-60% 80-90% 3. There are approximately __________ people worldwide infected with the Hepatitis C virus. a. b. c. d. 5 million 75 million 200 million 1 billion 4. Which of the three major bloodborne pathogens is the most contagious, with 33% of those exposed becoming infected? a. b. c. d.Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) 5. HIV is not spread by _______. a. b. c. d. saliva, tears, or sweat casual contact like shaking men or sharing dishes closed-mouth or social kissing all of the above Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 14 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 3 Transmitting Bloodborne Pathogens Fluids that short-circuit Bloodborne Pathogens The transmission of bloodborne pathogens from one person to another occurs through the broadcast of infected body fluids. Common body fluids which can transmit pathogens include ? ? ? blood cerebral spinal fluid semen vaginal secretions Semen and vaginal secretions can transmit bloodborne pathogens, but only during versed contact. Wearing useable gloves can friend protect you from accidental exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Fluids that Do Not Spread Bloodborne Pathogens Some body fluids have no documented risk of transmitting pathogens, including ? ? ? ? sweat saliva urine feces Although the risk of contracting a pathogen from these bodily fluids might be low, you may not always be able to check wh ich fluids you are use, or whether injury has mixed them with blood.For example, a severe abdominal injury could cause blood to be present in urine or feces. Therefore, it is scoop to protect yourself from ALL bodily fluids. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 15 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide How Bloodborne Pathogens are Transmitted Non-occupational bloodborne pathogens are most commonly transmitted through ? ? sexual contact or sharing hypodermic needles. Occupational bloodborne pathogens are most commonly transmitted through ? ? puncture wounds from a sharp or colly object, such as broken glass or from a splash of blood to the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth.Protect Yourself from All Bodily Fluids Its important to remember the Hepatitis B virus can remain infectious outside of the body for up to 7 days. For this reason, it is essential that cleanup and decontamination of pollute objects and surfaces be performed as soon as doable. This will reduce the ris k of indirect contact resulting in a bloodborne exposure misfortune. Understanding how bloodborne pathogens are transmitted will help reduce your risk of exposure and infection. Casual social contact, such as shaking hands, hugging, or sharing a yell or tool, does not transmit bloodborne pathogens.Direct contact with blood or other potentially infectious bodily fluid can cause an exposure incident. Indirect contact with a contaminated object, such as a countertop, bedding, or wearing, can also cause an exposure incident. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 16 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Jasmine is a daycare worker taking care of children between the ages of 6 months and 12 years. Kevin is a 3 year old child at the daycare center and has been complaining of a stomachache. Suddenly Kevin begins to vomit unexpectedly.After Kevins parents have been called to pick him up, Jasmine is asked to clean up the mess. Should Jasmine be concerned about bloodborne pathogens? Yes Although vomit is not documented as a risk for transmitting bloodborne pathogens, it is often impossible to determine if there is blood mixed in with the vomit. Even a very small amount of blood has the potential to transmit disease. You should always prevent contact with bodily fluids, regardless of whether blood is visible in the fluids. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 17 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 3 check over QUIZ 1.Trent is an employee for a local ambulance company. As part of his job he is routinely exposed to blood and other bodily fluids. Which of the following could potentially transmit a bloodborne pathogen to Trent? a. b. c. d. Having blood splashed into his eyes quivering a patients hand Using the telephone at the hospital Pushing a wheelchair 2. Common body fluids which can transmit pathogens include _______. a. b. c. d. blood and cerebral spinal fluid sweat and saliva semen and vaginal secretions both a and c 3. Some body fluids have NO docu mented risk of transmitting pathogens, including _______. a. b. c. d. lood and cerebral fluid sweat, saliva, urine, and feces semen and vaginal secretions all of the above 4. Bloodborne pathogens are commonly transmitted through _______. a. b. c. d. puncture wounds from sharp, contaminated objects. shaking hands hugging sharing a telephone 5. It is essential that cleanup and decontamination of contaminated objects and surfaces be performed as soon as possible. a. adjust b. glum Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 18 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 4 The Exposure Control propose The Exposure Control Plan An employer exposure control plan (ECP) is a requirement of 29 CFR 1910. 030(c) of the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard take a craped by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The purpose of the ECP is to establish procedures to eliminate or minimize employee exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Does your employer have an ECP? A written ECP outlines the strategies necessary to eliminate or minimize employee occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. This site-specific plan identifies all employee mixtures which have occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM).Additional components of an ECP are ? ? ? ? Engineering and work class period controls individualized protective equipment (PPE) Housekeeping Containment and labeling of potentially infectious materials Site-Specific Methods Another key component of the ECP includes listing the site-specific methods by which the facility will reduce the employee risk. These methods include book training, the communication of hazards, hepatitis B vaccinations for any employee who has occupational risk of exposure, methods for postexposure evaluation and follow-up, proper recordkeeping, and a sharps injury log.The final part of the plan describes the procedure for the investigation and evaluation of circumstances surrounding exposure in cidents in club to quickly provide effectual follow-up care to exposed employees. This investigation will also help each site team learn from accidents and establish new measures to prevent them from happening again. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 19 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Employees Must Have Access To Their Employers Exposure Control Plan (ECP) The written exposure control plan must be accessible to all employees.It must be reviewed and updated annually or when alterations in procedures create the possibility of new occupational exposures. Additionally, non-managerial employees who provide direct patient care must be asked to provide input in the identification, evaluation, and plectron of effective controls to sequestrate or remove bloodborne pathogens from the workplace. Scenario Steven is a new employee for AAA Manufacturing. He has been hired as a supervisory computer program to oversee line production on the swing-shift. As a supervisor, he is expecte d to provide emergency medical care if an employee becomes injured or sick.Should Stevens position be classified as having occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens? Yes. Although providing emergency medical care is not Stevens primary responsibility, it is part of his job classification. As a result, Steven does have the potential for occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Stevens employer must ensure he has the proper training and equipment to provide medical care safely and with minimal risk of occupational exposure. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 20 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 4 palingenesis QUIZ 1. An exposure control plan must _______. a. . c. d. be unique to each location or job site define the employees covered by the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard provide procedures for investigating and evaluating an exposure all of the above 2. The purpose of the Exposure Control Plan (ECP) is _______. a. b. c. to establish procedures to create or increas e employee exposure to bloodborne pathogens to help employees after theyve been exposed to blood borne pathogens to establish procedures to eliminate or minimize employee exposure to bloodborne pathogens to reduce the employers legal liability after an employee is exposed to blood borne pathogens . 3. The following is a component of an Exposure Control Plan (ECP) _______. a. b. c. d. the release of potentially infectious materials individualized protective equipment (PPE) monetary controls purchasing controls 4. Employees must have access To their employers exposure control plan (ECP). a. b. original chimerical 5. When must an Exposure Control Plan (ECP) be reviewed and updated? a. Semi-annually and when alterations in procedures create the possibility of few occupational exposures. Annually or when alterations in procedures create the possibility of new occupational exposures.Every two years Every four years b. c. d. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 21 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 5 Recognize the Potential for Exposure Employer Responsibilities to Identify Jobs at run a risk Employers must identify job classifications in which employees have occupational exposure, as well as the associated tasks and procedures in which there is a potential of exposure to blood or other infectious materials. Employers must review job classifications annually to ensure proper procedures and training is established.What jobs are most at risk of exposure? Occupations with a likely take a chance of occupational exposure include ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? first aid providers teachers daycare workers housekeepers lab workers firefighters requirement Medical Technicians (EMTs) and paramedics law enforcement agents medical and dental personnel An employer must review every job classification and make a determination of the potential occupational exposure for that position. Failure to aright identify potential occupational exposure can result in warnings or fines issu ed by OSHA.If an occupational exposure does occur, it is important for you to follow the employers written procedures for handling medical self-care and evaluation, as well as documenting the circumstances of the exposure. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 22 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Maria is an employee for a local hospital and kit and boodle in their housekeeping department. Is it Marias responsibility to know what her occupational exposure is? No. It is the employers responsibility to ensure each employee is properly trained and understands their potential occupational exposure.Further, the employer is responsible for documenting the training and maintaining all associated records. Maria has the responsibility to follow the established procedures identified in her employers exposure control plan and ask questions if needed. It is important to know if your job classification puts you at risk for occupational exposure. If your job classification does put yo u at risk, be aware that specific tasks or procedures in your job may still have the potential for exposure. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 23 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 5 REVIEW QUIZ 1.Sarah has just been assigned new job responsibilities after receiving a promotion at work. Where should Sarah look to determine if her new responsibilities create an occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens? a. b. c. d. an employer provided list of job classifications job applications standard operating procedure employee enchiridion 2. How often must employers review job classifications to ensure proper procedures and training are established? a. b. c. d. every two years whenever the employer feels like it semi-annually annually 3. Occupations with a likely chance of occupational exposure include _______. . b. c. d. first aid providers, teachers, and daycare workers housekeepers, lab workers, and fire fighters EMTs/paramedics, law enforcement agents, and medical/dental pe rsonnel all of the above 4. An employer must review every job classification and make a determination of the potential occupational exposure for that position. a. b. unbowed false 5. Failure of an employer to properly identify potential occupational exposure can result in warnings or fines issued by OSHA. a. b. true false Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 24 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 6 Exposure Control MethodsMethods To Control The Risk Of Exposure The recommended infection-control concept called Universal Precautions advocates everyones blood and body fluids be considered potentially infectious. This eliminates the difficulty in ascertain risk individually. Remember, although some bodily fluids have not been documented to transmit pathogens, it is sometimes impossible to ordain if blood or another potentially infectious fluid is present. The two essential control strategies employees use to eliminate or minimize the transmission of bloodborne diseases in the workplace are ? design controls, and work apply controls. Engineering Controls Engineering controls minimize exposure in the workplace either by removing or discriminate the hazard, such as providing a sharps container for needles, splash guards, and mechanical pipetting devices. Engineering controls is all about the equipment used to minimize exposure. The Sharps container for needles is a good example of an engineering control. Employers will examine and maintain or replace engineering controls on a regularly scheduled basis. Work Practice Controls Work practice controls focus on the manner in which tasks are performed.For example, using disposable gloves when performing emergency care is considered a work practice control. Another example of work practice controls is to perform all actions involving potentially infectious material in such a way as to minimize splattering, splashing, and spraying. Proper handling and disposal of needles or sharps, contaminated bandages, gauze, or linens is also essential. Work practice controls is all about how tasks are performed to minimize exposure. Safe work practices include eliminating eating, drinking, smoking, applying make-up or lip balm, or handling contact lenses in locations with potentially infectious material.In healthcare facilities, Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 25 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide employees are prohibited from corroding artificial nails. Food and drink must not be unplowed in a refrigerator, freezer, shelf, or in the general area of where blood or other potentially infectious material are kept. Wash your hands Hand washing after an exposure can reduce your risk of infection Your employer must provide readily accessible hand-washing facilities or antiseptic hand cleanser or wipes if hand-washing facilities are not available. Perform hand washing immediately after any exposure, even if you were wearing gloves.Vigorous scrubbing with slime or alcohol-based foam or gel and tippy water is considered the most effective technique. This will further reduce your risk of infection resulting from an exposure. Practices that are wholly prohibited in the workplace include bending, recapping, and removing contaminated needles, shearing or breaking needles, and mouth pipetting or suctioning of potentially infectious material. Antiseptic hand cleaner in conjunction with clean cloth/ piece towels or antiseptic towelettes are examples of congenial alternatives to running water.However, when these types of alternatives are used, employees must wash their hands (or other touched areas) with soap and running water as soon as feasible. This alternative would only be acceptable at worksites where soap and running water are not feasible. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 26 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Dr. Kramer owns and operates a small dental clinic in San Francisco, CA. As part of her exposure control plan, she requires her employees to wash their ha nds before and after working with any patients. She also requires new gloves be used with every patient.Is this an example of engineering controls or work practice controls? Work practice controls Dr. Kramer is requiring her employees to do something to reduce the risk of occupational exposure. Work practice controls focus on the actions taken to minimize exposure. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 27 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 6 REVIEW QUIZ 1. The recommended infection-control concept called Universal Precautions advocates everyones blood and body fluids be considered _______. a. b. c. d. potentially non-infectious not harmful not infectious potentially infectious 2.The two essential control strategies employees use to eliminate or minimize the transmission of bloodborne diseases in the workplace are _______. a. b. c. d. elimination and administrative controls replacement and elimination controls administrative and substitution controls engineering and work pra ctice controls 3. Which of the following are work practice controls? a. b. c. d. Adding a sharps container to the bathroom. Using disposable gloves when performing emergency care. Adding a splash gaurd into an operating room. Both a and c. 4. Perform _______ immediately after any exposure, even if you were wearing gloves. . b. c. d. hand washing work practice controls engineering controls eye heraldic bearinging 5. When exposed to bloodborne pathogens, antiseptic hand cleaner in conjunction with clean cloth/paper towels is only an acceptable alternative to washing your hands when soap and running water are not feasible. a. b. true false Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 28 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 7 Personal Protective Equipment Using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is specialized clothing or equipment that protects you from exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material.Personal protective equipment is desig ned to keep blood and other potentially infectious material away from your skin, eyes, and mouth Examples of PPE include disposable gloves, gowns, laboratory finishings, protective face sieves, resuscitation masks or shields, and mouth pieces. Any equipment necessary to prevent exposure to blood or other potentially infectious material is considered PPE. Effective in-person protective equipment must not allow potentially infectious materials to pass through or reach your skin, eyes, mouth, or clothes under normal conditions of use. full general work clothes, such as uniforms, pants, shirts, or blouses, which are not intended to function as a protective barrier against hazards, are not considered to be PPE. Employer responsibilities An employer must ensure employees use tolerate personal protective equipment. Your employer must make PPE available to you in the appropriate size and at no apostrophize. Nonlatex alternatives will also be made available to employees who have allergi c sensitivity to latex. Employers must also properly clean, launder, repair, replace, or dispose of contaminated PPE as needed at no cost to the employee. limpid Gloves Disposable gloves should be a standard component of emergency response and first aid equipment and should be worn by anyone initiating emergency care. It is best to always wear disposable gloves when providing first aid care. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 29 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Replace your gloves as soon as possible if they are torn, punctured, contaminated, or if their ability to function as a barrier is compromised. Remove contaminated gloves by turning them internal out. Be careful to prevent any splashing or spraying of potentially infectious material.You should always wash your hands after removing your gloves, even if you dont think they were contaminated. Pocket CPR feign and Gloves Wear face shields when splashes, sprays, spatters, or droplets of infectious material pose a hazard t o your eyes, nose, or mouth. It is always better to be prepared and wear a face shield if there is any chance of potential exposure to your eyes, nose, or mouth. Use a disposable airing mask or shield with a one-way valve to prevent an exposure when performing rescue ventilations during CPR. It is common for patients to vomit during CPR due to excess air in the stomach.Place contaminated protective equipment in appropriately designed areas or containers for cleaning or disposal. These areas or containers should be properly labeled and identified in your employers exposure control plan. Scenario Sarah is a medical laboratory technician. As part of her job duties she analyzes blood and body fluid samples. Sarah was lately reprimanded for not wearing disposable gloves to perform her work duties. She tells her supervisor the gloves make it hard for her to handle the collection containers and that she would like to not be required to wear gloves. What should Sarahs supervisor tell her?S arahs supervisor must tell her the use of personal protective equipment is not optional. She must wear the gloves. The supervisor should also ask Sarah if the gloves are the correct size and fit for her hands. If the gloves are not the correct size, then this issue must be resolved as well. Only under very rare circumstances can an employee decline the use of personal protective equipment. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 30 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 7 REVIEW QUIZ 1. Is it acceptable for an employee to take contaminated clothing home to be rinse? a. b. c. yes no maybe . All of these are examples of personal protective equipment, EXCEPT _______. a. b. c. d. disposable gloves laboratory coat thermometer safety glasses 3. When performing CPR, it is always best to _______. a. b. c. d. wear disposable gloves use a ventilation mask or shield with a one-way valve be prepared for the patient to vomit all of the above 4. Remove contaminated gloves by _______. a. b. c. d. cutting them off ripping them off turning them inside out pulling them off and spraying infectious material across the room 5. Place contaminated protective equipment in _______. a. b. c. d. garbage bag laying on the floor a stainless steel garbage can with no garbage bag appropriately designed areas or containers for cleaning or disposal a plastic basket labeled reuse Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 31 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 8 Hepatitis B (HBV) Immunization Getting vaccinated The best way to prevent Hepatitis B is by getting vaccinated. The Hepatitis B vaccine is considered one of the safest and most effective vaccines ever made. Numerous studies looking at the vaccines safety have been conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and initiation Health Organization.Your employer must offer you a Hepatitis B vaccination series if you have a risk of occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials. Your employer must pay for the cost of the vaccination series. You must be offered the vaccination before you undertake tasks that expose you to potentially infectious materials, and at a reasonable time and location. Three shots The Hepatitis B immunization series requires three separate injections The Hepatitis B vaccine is very effective in protecting against the Hepatitis B virus.Approximately 97 percent of people who receive the vaccine will become fully immune to the virus. It is given in a series of three shots. The entire series of shots is required to provide full immunity. The vaccine is safe with very few adverse reactions. Typical Vaccination Schedule The first injection can be administered at any given time. The second injection must be given at least one month after the first, and the third injection must be given six months after the first. A commissioned physician or other healthcare professional will perform or supervise the vaccinations.Your employer does not have to offer you the vaccination s eries if you have antecedently received the complete series or have time-tested as immune to HBV. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 32 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide You can decline the vaccination for Hepatitis B after being informed of the risks and benefits. To do this, you must sign a declination form. If you initially decline the vaccination for Hepatitis B, you can later request it from your employer at no charge. There are currently two vaccines used to prevent Hepatitis B infection in the United States.Neither vaccine contains blood products. You cannot get Hepatitis B from these vaccines. Scenario Tony has just been accepted to a local paramedic training program. Before beginning the program, the school requires students to receive the Hepatitis B vaccination and pay for it themselves. Is the school required to pay for the vaccination? No. Typically only employers are required to pay for the Hepatitis B vaccination series. Postsecondary schools can require the vac cination series as an admissions requirement, and require the applicant to pay for the cost.There have been instances where public school districts (K-12) have been required to pay for the vaccination series if there is a potential for the student to be exposed to bloodborne pathogens as part of their coursework. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 33 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 8 REVIEW QUIZ 1. Kristina has just been hired for a position which is classified as having occupational exposure. Kristinas employer offers to pay for the Hepatitis B vaccination series. Can Kristina decline the vaccination series? a. yes b. c. no maybe 2.What percentage of people receiving the Hepatitis B vaccine will become fully immune? a. b. c. d. 17% 35% 75% 97% 3. The Hepatitis B vaccine is considered one of the safest and most effective vaccines ever made. a. b. true false 4. Your employer does not have to offer you the vaccination series if _______. a. b. c. d. you have previously re ceived the complete series or have tested as immune to HBV you have tested immune to HCV you have tested immune to HIV you have previously received one shot of the vaccination series 5. You cannot get Hepatitis B from either of the Hepatitis B vaccines that are available. . true b. false Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 34 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 9 When an Exposure Occurs What to do When You are Exposed When an exposure occurs, immediate self-care is the highest priority. Flush potentially contaminated materials from the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth with large amounts of running water. Allow a puncture wound from a potentially contaminated sharp object to bleed. Wash the wound with soap and water. Wash potentially contaminated material off your skin with soap and water as quickly as possible after an exposure.Washing is especially important when you have cuts, rashes, or scrapes on your skin. When available, use a face and eye wash station to flush the eyes, nose, or mouth if they are exposed to blood or bodily fluids. What do you do next? After self-care, report the exposure incident without delay. This allows for timely testing of the source individual and, if necessary, the employee. You will be direct to a healthcare professional for medical evaluation as soon as possible after receiving the source individuals test results. The evaluation will document the route of exposure and how the exposure occurred.There is no cost to you for this evaluation. Post-Exposure Therapy If you are exposed to HIV-infected blood, most medical facilities offer short-term therapy called Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). This therapy must begin as soon as possible after the exposure. PEP can reduce the risk of getting HIV by as much as 80 percent. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 35 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide The evaluation will also include counseling and education regarding the testing abut and the ramifications of the exp osure. This includes sexual practices information for the six month post-exposure evaluation period.The result of testing is confidential and will be reported only to you and your companys exposure control plan. No other person will be notified of the results. Scenario Patrick is a nurse working in the emergency department of the local hospital. During one of his shifts he is accidentally jabbed by a used needle. The needle punctures his skin and draws blood. What should Patrick do? Immediate self care is Patricks first priority. He needs to allow the puncture wound to bleed, hopefully flushing any contaminates out of his body. Next, he should wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water.Next, Patrick needs to report the incident to his direct supervisor so a injury report can be completed. Patrick will then be seen by a health care professional to determine the best course of treatment for him. Sometimes it is possible to test for versatile diseases if the exposure source can be identified. This is not always possible. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 36 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 9 REVIEW QUIZ 1. While providing first aid treatment to a fellow employee, Maria had blood sprayed into her eyes. What should Maria do first? a. Provide immediate self care. . Report the incident to her supervisor. c. Go to a hospital. d. Continue working. 2. If your eyes, nose, or mouth are exposed to blood or bodily fluids you should _______. a. use a washcloth to wipe your face off b. flush the eyes, nose, and mouth with large amounts of running water c. take a shower within 24 hours of exposure d. apply baking soda to the eyes, nose, and mouth to absorb any contaminated materials from the mucus membranes 3. If you have potentially contaminated material on your skin the first thing you should do is _______. a. lay down and elevate the contaminated area b. eek medical attention c. apply ice d. wash with soap and water as quickly as possible 4. You ar e exposed to contaminated material and finish immediate self-care. What do you do next? a. Go home and try to forget about the exposure. b. Catch a delineation to take your mind off of the exposure. c. Report the exposure incident without delay. d. you Write about the exposure incident in your personal journal. 5. If you are exposed to HIV-infected blood, most medical facilities offer short-term therapy called Post- Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). a. true b. false Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 7 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 10 Housekeeping What is housekeeping? Housekeeping refers to ensuring a worksite is maintained in a clean and sanitary condition. An employer must implement an appropriate written schedule for cleaning, and determine the best method to decontaminate each location within a facility. There are four types of regulate waste that require special handling 1. Liquid or semi-liquid blood or potentially infectious materials 2. Contaminated items that cou ld release potentially infectious material in a liquid or semi-liquid state 3.Items caked (solid or dry) with potentially infectious materials that are capable of releasing these materials during handling 4. Contaminated sharp objects It is of the utmost importance that infectious waste be safely contained. ? Infectious waste should be placed in specially designed containers constructed to contain the contents. ? The containers need to be leak-proof, labeled or color coded, and closed prior to removal to prevent spills. ? If a container is leaking, place it in a secondary leak-proof container. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 38 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Contaminated Laundry Contaminated laundry refers to laundry that is soiled with potential infectious material or that may contain sharp objects, such as needles. ? ? Contaminated laundry should be handled as flyspeck as possible. Wear gloves when handling contaminated laundry, and place it in labeled, leak-proof bags or containers before transporting it. ? neer take contaminated protective clothing home for laundering, even if it is personal clothing. ? Pick up potentially contaminated broken glassware using mechanical means only, such as tongs, forceps, or brush and dustpan. ? Never use your hands, even if you are wearing gloves.Contaminated items should not be stored or processed in a way that requires you to reach into containers. Work practice controls should be established to prevent you from reaching into a container to remove potentially contaminated items, such as glassware or needles. All equipment and work surfaces that could become contaminated should be cleaned and decontaminated routinely using an appropriate disinfectant while wearing PPE. All pails, bins, and comparable reusable receptacles should be decontaminated on a regular basis and as soon as possible after visible contamination is noticed.Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 39 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenar io Kevin is a custodial engineer for a local middle school. As part of his job duties, he is required to clean the health room daily. It is common for students to have minor injuries or ailments, such as nose bleeds or a skinned knee, during the school day. What housekeeping issues does Kevin face? It is important all contaminated materials, such as bloody gauze, is contained, labeled, and disposed of properly. Kevin should wear PPE, such as gloves, when performing this task.Kevin should decontaminate the health room surfaces daily using an approved method and appropriate disinfectant. If visible blood or body fluids are present on a surface, the fluid should be cleaned and the surface decontaminated immediately. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 40 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 10 REVIEW QUIZ 1. Is it acceptable for an employee to take contaminated clothing home to be washed? a. yes b. no c. maybe 2. One of the four types of regulated waste that requires special ha ndling is _______. a. b. c. d. ater with a concentration of bleach that is 5% or greater liquid or semi-liquid blood or potentially infectious materials cigarette butts food wrappers or cups that have been used by persons with HIV 3. In regards to bloodborne pathogens and contaminated materials, what is housekeeping? a. An employer managing their financial books appropriately. b. When an employer lays off employees that cause trouble, especially employees that expose themselves to bloodborne pathogens. c. Employees cleaning and maintaining their own homes. d. An employer ensuring a worksite is maintained in a clean and sanitary condition. . Infectious waste should be _______. a. b. c. d. placed in specially designed containers constructed to contain the contents placed in any available garbage can thrown out with all of the other garbage both b and c 5. Pick up potentially contaminated broken glassware using _______. a. your bare hands b. mechanical means only, such as tongs, forcep s, or brush and dustpan c. your hands while wearing gloves d. both a and c Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 41 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide 6. Contaminated items should not be stored or processed in a way that requires you to reach into containers. . true b. false Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 42 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 11 Communicating a Hazard in the Workplace Primary methods of communicating Signs and Labels Signs and labels that alert you to the presence of potentially infectious material and the risk of exposure are vital to a workplace with occupational exposure to potentially infectious materials. Be sure you are aware of and abide by all signs and labels signalize hazards and hazardous material. Signs should have a fluorescent orange or orange-red play down with a vague biological agent emblem in the foreground.Labels must contain the biohazard symbol and must have the word biohazard written on them. A biohazard label or sign shoul d be disposed to each object or container of contaminated material by string, wire, adhesive, or another method that prevents loss or unintentional removal of the label or sign. When red bags or containers with the biohazard symbol on them are used, a sign or label is not necessary. Also, when medical laboratory personnel are gulp and testing blood samples, the individual containers housing potentially infectious materials do not need to be labeled.Properly indicating contaminated material using labels and signs will greatly reduce the risk of accidental exposure to the contaminated material. It is important to maintain appropriate container labeling at all times. Annual training must be conducted for all employees with occupational exposure. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 43 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide information and bringing up All employees (including part-time and temporary employees) with occupational exposure in the organization should infix in a training p rogram that is provided at no cost during working hours.The training materials used should be appropriate in content and vocabulary to the educational and literacy levels and are conveyed in the language of the employees. The training materials should all the way state the objectives of the training. Trainers should be knowledgeable in the subject matter covered by the training program as it relates to the workplace. All employees should have an fortune for interactive questions and answers with the person(s) conducting the training. If computer or online training is used, it should provide an opportunity for a person knowledgeable about the training material to be available to answer questions.Training Program Elements The Bloodborne Pathogens training program should include information and explanations of at least the following ? ? ? ? Epidemiology, symptoms, and modes of transmission of bloodborne diseases the Exposure control plan that has been implemented and how to obtain a write of the written plan Appropriate methods for recognizing tasks and activities that may involve exposure to blood or OPIM Use and limitations of methods that will prevent or reduce exposures, including appropriate engineering, administrative or work practice controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) Information and Training ? ? The basis for selection of PPE Types, proper use, location, removal, handling, decontamination, and disposal of PPE Hepatitis B vaccination series, including its efficacy, safety, method of administration, benefits, and the fact that the vaccination will be offered to employees free of charge ? ? Appropriate actions to take and persons to contact in an emergency involving blood or OPIM Procedure to follow if an exposure incident occurs, including the 44 Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide o o o ? Method of reporting the incident Medical follow-up that will be made available Procedure for recording the inciden t in the sharps injury log Post-exposure evaluation and follow-up that will be made available to employees Signs, labels, and/or color codings that are used Frequency of Training Training should be provided at the time of employees initial assignment (to tasks in which occupational exposure may occur) and at least annually thereafter (i. e. , within one year of their previous training).Additional training, limited to addressing the new exposures created, is provided to the employee whose occupational exposure is affected by ? ? ? Introduction of new engineering, administrative, or work practice controls Changes or modifications in existing tasks or procedures Institution of new tasks or procedures Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 45 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide Scenario Jennifer works for a computer parts manufacturer. One of her job duties is to perform housekeeping tasks for her section of the warehouse.During her last shift an employee was injured and required first a id treatment, producing contaminated clothing and personal protective equipment. This contaminated material needs to be labeled and disposed of. How should Jennifer dispose of this contaminated material? Jennifer needs to use appropriate personal protective equipment while working with the contaminated materials. She must also place the contaminated material in a leakproof bag that is labeled with the symbol and word Biohazard. Jennifer should then dispose of the bag based on her employers exposure control plan.Whats lacking on the bag of contaminated clothing to the right? Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 46 OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide MODULE 11 REVIEW QUIZ 1. Signs should have a _______. a. fluorescent yellow screen background with a black lightning bolt symbol in the foreground b. fluorescent red background with a black radioactivity symbol in the foreground c. fluorescent orange or orange-red background with a black biohazard symbol in the foreground d. red backgr ound with a black skull symbol in the foreground 2.A biohazard label or sign should _______. a. be attached to each object or container of contaminated material b. be posted, at eye level, at the hoodwink of any room that contains biohazard material c. not be necessary if the biohazard container is made of a clear material and has no indicators that contaminated material is inside d. contain the contaminated materials symbol and the course contaminated materials written on it 3. All employees (including part-time and temporary employees) with occupational exposure in the rganization should participate in a training program that is provided at no cost during working hours. a. true b. false 4. The Bloodborne Pathogens training program should include _______. a. The Exposure control plan that has been implemented and how to obtain a copy of the written plan. b. Appropriate methods for recognizing tasks and activities that may involve exposure to blood or OPIM. c. Types, proper use, l ocation, removal, handling, decontamination, and disposal of PPE. d. All of the above. Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 47OSHAcademy Course 755 Study Guide 5. Training should be provided at the time of employees initial assignment (to tasks in which occupational exposure may occur) and at least _______. a. semi-annually thereafter (i. e. , within six months of their previous training) b. annually thereafter (i. e. , within one year of their previous training) c. every 2 years thereafter (i. e. , within two years of their previous training) d. every 3 years thereafter (i. e. , within three years of their previous training) Copyright 2011 Geigle Safety Group Inc. 48

Impact of Globalization on Management Education

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON MANAGEMENT EDUCATION CURRICULUM TO CAREERS pic IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON MANAGEMENT EDUCATION CURRICULUM TO CAREERS Abstract The global techno economic paradigm is changing at a pace that defies easy mapping. Emergence of global village and digital economy with internet connectivity is the order of the day. This results in fundamental changes in the way the business is organized and conducted in every functional area, glob aloney and in India as well. On the domestic front, Indias economic growth, in recent years, has been impressive.This has been due to conscious fire towards market based economy. The imperative question is how to sustain it and if possible, better it. Sustainability is possible by spurring knowledgeability and creativity to move up the value chain. Indian business models need to be re oriented, incorporating the newer dimensions of risk of exposure and inclusive growth. Excellence is seen in few quarters and that is not enough. Incr easing complexity and consequent asymmetry marks the emergent business environment that defies solution through traditional managerial tools.Further to have sustainability in business the role of manager is to be sensitized. But the current curriculum and pedagogies of management education take a paradigm shift from transaction based approach to transformative approach. Knowledge ecology needs equilibrise with an integrated curriculum encompassing multiple skills. For equitable distribution and applied innovation we need to take apart up transferable skills and reverse applied learning systems with top down approach.Hence there is a long need to be updated the curriculum to meet the changing needs of the components of globalization which should be incorporated into all areas of management likebasic courses, Core functional, inter-functional courses,integrated and value addition courses. The basic courses have to be rejuvenated so as to meet the dynamically changing global busin ess trends. Core functional courses much(prenominal)(prenominal) as banking and insurance should be effectively managed to meet the global demand in banking sector.Inter-functional courses like intensity communication and marketing embedded with finance are greatly evolving. Integrated and value addition coursessuch as training on soft skills and value added skills like SAP, PEOPLESOFT etc to get job ready. Hence, the suggested framework bequeath balance both theoretical knowledge and acquired skill which has been proven essential for the employability by the placement formation to meet the challenges of a globalized economy.

A danger of a single story Essay

Literature is something that egresss. It has the power to change and shape our minds and opinions. It has the power to change the perception of the world almost us and to boost our imagination. Take us far away from the reality to the world of illusions and let our minds flourished with imagination. bingle might think how amazing it is, but fiction as it is here today may a lot matter much more than it is meant to.TED is a non-profit global community whose mission is to spread ideas usually in the form of short talks which last no more than 18 minutes. TED began in 1984 as a conference, and today covers wide range of topics from science to philosophy to global issues in more than 100 langu elds have people from every discipline and culture who seek a deeper understanding of the world. Both of the presenters whose ideas I testament mention are novelists and story tellers. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is a Nigerian angloph hotshot economiser who succeeded in attracting a new tim es of readers to African literature. In her novels, she is inspired by the history of her nation and its tragedies that are forgotten by upstart generation of westerners.Elif Shafak is a Turkish novelist natural in Strasbourg, France who is the most widely read female writer in Turkey. Her books have been translated into more than twenty-five languages. Ch. N. Adichie in her talk warns that if we hear only a superstar story almost a nonher person or country, we risk a critical misunderstanding. Things are not usually bonny glum and white and we have to make every effort to open our minds and explore what is real. Elif Shafak talks about the danger into which writers from contrary cultures are put option at the pressure-that-makes-them-feel-as-a-representatives-of-their-cultures.She makes a strong course between fiction and reality fiction and daily politics. Although, both of the writers are of non-western origin which to some make pass make them quite similar in terms of heathenish stereotypes, itseems that they do not share the corresponding view of function of a story in our lives.While talking about the cultural and brformer(a)ly background of these two writers, there are many things in which they differ, although their life journeys have many in common. Ch. N. Adichie was born in Nigeria, Africa. She grew up in a conventional middle-class family, her father was a prof and her mother was an administrator. She had a very happy childhood in a very close-knit family. However, a kind of political fear invaded their lives on the place they live. However, Chimamanda was a happy child who was writing stories about white people, just like those who she was reading about in books. On the other hand, Elif Shafak although, she has Turkish parents, was born in France, Europe and when her parents got separated she was bringing up by her mother and her grandmother in Turkey.Her nonplus was quite dissimilar to Adichie as she was not living in a nuclear fam ily. She grew up in a patriarchal environment where fathers were the heads of households. She was raised as a wholeness child by a single mother, which was at those times, a bit unusual. Elif Shafak was an introverted child talking to her imaginary friends. She had a intense imagination and unlike Adichie, she was not inspired by stories that she had read, but she wrote about people she had neer seen and things that never really happened. Nevertheless, their writing experience took place at the same time. They both started to write around the age of 7 though, their style was different. Moreover, the life journey of these two women seems to be quite similar. Just like Adichie, Shafak in addition studied abroad. They have travelled the world and this made these women who they are now. It made them macrocosm experienced, open-minded and well-educated,-powerful-women.This leads me to the matter of stereotypes. As I mentioned, both writers have travelled a lot and during their live s they have experienced stereotypes on their own skin. Ch. N. Adichie mentions several ad hominem stories from her life in which she pays attention to the stereotypes. She talks about how her roommate in the USA was surprised that she had learnt speak English so well,that she had not been raised in poverty, that music which Adichie was sense of hearing to was not different in any feature from mainstream one. Chimamanda focuses on African stereotypes that she experienced. As a result, she demonstrates that stereotypes are created by single stories, and the problem with the stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete.At the same time, Elif uses her personal experience as well. Like Adichie, she attended a school abroad as well, and she experienced cultural stereotypes. She talks about the clusters based on cultural identity. The school, which she attended, was multicultural. The only problem was that each child was seen as a representative of his or her nat ion and every time something happened in connection to their nation they were ridiculed and bullied because of it. As Adichie experienced stereotypes concerning Africa, Elif Shafak came across some cultural stereotypes concerning her nationality as well and these were politics, smoking and veil. Doesnt matter she had never been smoking before, or she had never been raised in a environment where a rule of draining a veil was obligatory, she was expected to do so because it was a general image of her nation and her culture.In contrast, the notion of power is discussed from different points of view by these two writers. To clarify this, I will put down both of them in sequence. The most significant difference is in context they use. On one hand, Adichie talks about the power as the ability not just to tell the story, but also as the ability to chose which story is being told, how it is told, who tells it therefore, the ability to make from one story the definite one, the single story . She appeals not that much to writers, but to readers and people in general. She demonstrates how valuable it is not to see things just black and white thus, try to open our minds and explore.Without doubt, Elifs viewpoint to the question of power is quite distinct. It seems to me like the other side of the coin when she unlike Adichie, analyses the coition between power and writer not power and reader. Shafak puts into relation power with the notion of pressure. She demonstrates howwriters are seen as the representatives of their cultures. In her talk, she manifests how world of politics affects the way stories are being written, reviewed and read. If you are a person with a particular cultural background you are expected to write informative and characteristic stories about your world and to show manifestation of your identity.As an illustration, Elif as a char from a Muslim world is expected to write stories of Muslim women and preferably, the unhappy stories of unhappy Musli m women just because she happened to be one. And in connection to this, here comes the main distinction between their understanding of power. While Adichie sees a story and fiction as tools for shaping our minds by which we can understand people, nations and things what they really are, Shafak thinks that when stories are seen as more than stories, they lose their magic in other words, she says fiction is just fiction, not daily politics.In both cases one must admit that thoughts which were brought up were relevant. It doesnt matter what is your cultural background what is important it is your personal growth. These two women have stepped over the shadows of their cultural stereotypes. They pointed at a serious problem of nowadays in a context of literature and the credibility of information itselves. They both however, in a different way, open peoples minds and let us think. And this is when a story matters.