Bnl - When I Fall Poetry :: essays research papers

When I fall is a lyrical song indite by Steven Page and Ed Robertson of the Barenaked Ladies. It is about a window washer who is at a critical moment in his life. The song is structured in such a way that a progression and transformation is seen in the window washers troubles from worrisome to life threatening. The window washer is the persona of the poem, and in the graduation stanza he expresses a fear. He is somewhere he doesnt want to be and is scared. This is followed by the chorus of the song in which it is made clear that he wants to make a change in his life, but is afraid of failure. At this point the window washers troubles take on the form of deep mental foreboding where he resorts to prayer and laments on the physically and mentally troubling aspects of his world. In the next stanza, the window washer comments on the prestige of the boardroom he looks into as he washes the windows. Here he addresses the change he wants to make in his life and states that he would like to swap places with the business men in the room. However, he realizes that this is impossible because they would never agree to lower themselves to the stature of a window washer. When he realizes this, his thoughts become radical and he contemplates suicide. By the end of the song however, he pulls himself together and realizes that what he does and who is does have some value in the world.All of this is brought to the reader by an abundant use of figurative language throughout the song. For Instance, the sustain the man is standing on symbolizes his position in life (he is scared and wants to escape. In the third stanza, after describing the problems with his world and how he prays, he curses the windstorms. This is actually a metaphor for his mental confusion and despair. In the next stanza, the prestige of the boardroom is made evident by the allusion of it towards a pharoahs tomb. We know in the end that he has pulled it all together when he calls his crystal clear canvas (t he windows) a masterpiece . He has given value to his work and thus, value to his life.The sonf has a certain(prenominal) rhyme scheme which lends itself well to the theme of the poem.

Assessing the Neural Mechanisms of Anxiety :: Biology Essays Research Papers

A Lesser Wrong Model of Assessing the Neural Mechanisms of AnxietyThe objective of our class and the neuroscientific community is to understand the complex neural pathways of the brain. The neural mechanisms of disquiet have long puzzled researchers. Thus far, the belief is that two structures of the limbic system known as the lateral septum and the amygdala regulate anxiety. The present wallpaper will examine the role of the lateral septum and the amygdala in propagating anxiety (supporting the brain = behavior paradigm), discuss the neural connection that exist between the Am and LS, consider the effects that benzodiazepine anxiolytics have on this neural connection, as well as introduce findings from my current research that supports the lesser wrong model of anxiety.corpus amygdaloideum and AnxiogenesisThe amygdala (hereafter cited as Am) is a known anxiety producing or anxiogenic structure (1). Anxiety is assessed through a number of animal studies that examine fear and test responses in the presence of aversive stimuli such as a shock. Fear and stress responses in animals be good measures of anxiety because they correlate well with the symptoms notice in people with generalized anxiety disorder. For instance, studies that assess anxiety in animal paradigms report increase stress induced ulceration, increased heart beat, and increased galvanic skin conductance. Similarly, individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder bear witness upset stomach, increased hear rate, and increased sweating. Hence, anxiety, fear, and stress responses are closely related.Fear responses are behavioral changes that occur in the presence of aversive stimuli. The most common behavioral response (in rats) to aversive stimuli is behavioral arrest also referred to as frost. Behavioral arrest occurs when the animal freezes following a cue for the aversive stimulus. Davis (1992) describes the freezing behavior as the animals apprehensive expectation that something bad i s about to happen. mark responses are physiological changes that occur in response to aversive stimuli. Stress responses in animal and human studies include pupil dilation, increased heart beat, decrease salivation (or dry mouth), increase galvanic skin conductance (or increased sweating) and frequent defecation (or diarrhea). Studies have shown that during the presentation of a tone that forewarns the animal of a shock, the animal show a multitude of stress responses including the ones listed above.Similarly, in a fMRI scan study, human subjects showed Am activation in instructed fear or anticipatory anxiety task. In this task, subjects are manipulated into believing that they will receive a shock when a threatening stimulus is presented.

Essay --

It has become obvious that somewhat people cannot drive without having some form of anger at other drivers. These people are usually patient and kind outside of their vehicles but as soon as they split up their car, a strange phenomenon begins- way fretfulness. How can kind natured people have itinerary animosity? Is there something around driving that makes people jibe? A few doctors and psychologists have found answers behind this problem, and some of the answers are quite shocking. People around other drivers have become more aggressive, territorial, and mean. It happens every(prenominal) day. A person could be driving the speed limit but another car behind gets frustrated, rides too closely as if they are about to crash, and then speeds past honking like a maniac. Some people who have no temper problem admit to losing control when they are driving. For some driveway ragers, its a drive for control, to counter to other drivers who they feel violate their proxemic space, or their need for possession of their lane or their part of the roadway. For others, its unrestrained anger and aggression. Its hormone-based, primitive, small-brain thinking, bringing a lack of emotional intelligence or the need to dominate someone else and their unsharable space. Add in unchecked egos, the need for superiority, narcissistic pride my vehicle is bigger than yours. This is quoted by Dr. Steve Albrecht who has written the article The Psychology of Road Rage. According to Dr. Steve Albrecht, it seems like some people have road rage because they feel as if they own the road, and do not let anyone get in their way. When they do, they are seen as violating the persons space.There is besides shocking news coming from Dr. Emil Coccaro, in the article Road Rage Gets a Medical Diagnosis... ... influence emotions and actions. Another way to help with road rage would be to set a good example on the road with children so they have less of a change to have road rage problems as well. Children usually copy the way their parents are, and if they are calm on the road there is a good chance the children will too when it is their process to drive.It seems like road rage is a mix between nature and nurture. It can be a psychological reason or how one was raised. Road rage should be more noticed than what it is today so people could do something about this growing problem. If ones who know they have a problem with road rage, they should go see a professional so they could find out why it is happening so often when it should not be or rase use the techniques mentioned before. If road rage and the dangers of it is taken more notice, a lot more lives could be saved.

The Last Day :: essays papers

The Last DayConfusion raced through her mind. The other life was just an action away. She didnt want to be present anymore and she was ready to leave. She was tired of perpetually getting lessened nothing could be worse than the life she was living. Sure, there were people who loved her, but she didnt love herself enough to stay here. All of the pain would stop with just one or two strokes of the blade against her wrists. Tristyn picks up the phone and dials a payoff she has dialed everyday for the past two years.Hey girl Wendy says as she answers the phone.Hey. replies Tristyn.Im gonna have to call you back Im on the other line.No, its alright. Just one questionhow do you slit your wrists? Is it sideways or up and down?I did it sideways, but you are supposed to do it up and down on the main artery.Alright, bye. She hangs up the phone and sits for a minute. Everything would be so much easier if I just werent here anymore. I wouldnt have to see her everyday and know that I can t have her. Will everyone understand that I had to do this? I hate to hurt people but I just cant take this pain anymore. I just hope that everyone understands, but at least I wont be here to hear everyone talking about how stupid I was to take my life. They just dont understand. Emili walks into the room and looks at the girl she used to love.You cant do this Tristyn Ill call the cops right now says Emili.The cops arent going to do *censored* to me Just go pack your stuff and leave me alone You dont care anyway Tristyn shouts. All Tristyn can do is lay on the couch and cry. She prays that her mommy can understand why she had to do this. She doubts that she will.Tristyn lies on the tan nubuck leather couch her mom bought her and reflects on her life and all that has happened to lead her to this low point. Tristyn had always been given all the things she ever wanted or needed. Her mom had always made sure that she never did without. Tristyn hoped that her mom did not blame her self for any of this. on that point was no one to blame but herself, she knew that, for getting pulled in once again, only to be hurt for the final time.

A people and a nation :: essays research papers

Oral Cancer consists of crabby person cells in the mouth, including the lip, gums cheeks, tongue, tonsils, and floor of the mouth. In 1992 t here were somewhat 11,500 new cases diagnosed and 2,200 deaths in the United States. Its a proven fact that more men then women are affected.The primary cause of mouth genus Cancer is tobacco use. Like smoking, chewing, and dipping. Smokers are 4 to 15 times more likely to develop malignant neoplastic disease of the mouth. Another cause of this malignant neoplastic disease is chronic or excessive alcohol consumption. Epidemiological research has indicated that the risk of cancer is higher among people who drink, even if they dont smoke. If they do smoke, the risk is multiplied. Other risk factors include certain nutritional deficiencies, and even too much sun can cause some cases of cancer of the lower lip.Early cancers of the mouth whitethorn appear as red, slightly raised areas with ill-defined borders. There could be a lump that can be f elt with the tip of the tongue or a sore that doesnt heal. Eating or drinking whitethorn be difficult and cause some soreness.There are many types of cancer you can be diagnosed with. A symptom of lip cancer may be an enlarging growth that repeatedly forms a dry crust that bleeds when removed. It may not be painful unless it becomes an open sore or gets infected. Cancers of the gum may appear as a toothache, loose teeth, or a sore that does not heal. Bleeding and mild pain may occur if the area is injured. The most common symptom of tongue cancer is a mild irritation. Pain may only occur during eating or drinking. Extensive involvement of the muscles of the tongue can affect speech and swallowing. Advanced tumors may produce a naughty smell.Cancer of the tonsils often does not produce any symptoms until it is somewhat advanced, at which point there may be a sore throat that is modify by eating, drinking, and an earache.Diagnostic procedures may include a manual exam by a doctor, x -rays, and a biopsy. There are different stages for cancer of the mouth, here are someoStage 1- cancer is no more than 2 centimeters and has not spread to lymph nodes in the areaoStage 2- the cancer is no more than 2 cm but less than 4, and has not spread to lymph nodes.oStage 3- the cancer is more then 4 cm or the cancer is nay size but has spread to only one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is no larger than 3 cm.

A people and a nation :: essays research papers

Oral Cancer consists of pubic louse cells in the mouth, including the lip, mutters cheeks, tongue, tonsils, and floor of the mouth. In 1992 there were approximately 11,500 new cases diagnosed and 2,200 deaths in the United States. Its a be fact that more men then women are affected.The primary cause of mouth genus Cancer is tobacco use. Like smoking, chewing, and dipping. Smokers are 4 to 15 clock more likely to develop cancer of the mouth. Another cause of this cancer is chronic or excessive alcohol consumption. Epidemiological research has indicated that the risk of cancer is higher among people who drink, even if they dont smoke. If they do smoke, the risk is multiplied. Other risk factors include certain nutritional deficiencies, and even too much sun can cause some cases of cancer of the lower lip.Early cancers of the mouth may appear as red, slightly raised countrys with ill-defined borders. at that place could be a lump that can be felt with the tip of the tongue or a sore that doesnt heal. Eating or imbibition may be difficult and cause some soreness.There are many types of cancer you can be diagnosed with. A symptom of lip cancer may be an enlarging growth that repeatedly forms a dry crust that bleeds when removed. It may not be painful un slight it becomes an open sore or gets infected. Cancers of the gum may appear as a toothache, loose teeth, or a sore that does not heal. Bleeding and mild pain may occur if the area is injured. The most common symptom of tongue cancer is a mild irritation. Pain may only occur during eating or drinking. Extensive interest of the muscles of the tongue can affect speech and swallowing. Advanced tumors may produce a bad smell.Cancer of the tonsils often does not produce any symptoms until it is approximately advanced, at which point there may be a sore throat that is aggravated by eating, drinking, and an earache.Diagnostic procedures may include a manual exam by a doctor, x-rays, and a biopsy. There are di fferent stages for cancer of the mouth, here are someoStage 1- cancer is no more than 2 centimeters and has not rotate to lymph nodes in the areaoStage 2- the cancer is no more than 2 cm but less than 4, and has not spread to lymph nodes.oStage 3- the cancer is more then 4 cm or the cancer is nay size but has spread to only one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is no larger than 3 cm.

Accounting Attachment Report

1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 The objectives of the Industrial attachment The purpose of industrial attachment is to bridge the gap amongst the theory and the practise of fertilise swall(a)ow release wint in the University of Botswana. It is meant to give educatees a cleargonr perspective of concepts learnt in the academic environs and in device prepare them for the break surroundings upon completion of the degree programme. Internship is in approximately(prenominal) case aimed at give students a chance to apply the material learnt into a practical environment and run to get it on the imprint industry.In applying academic material, it is understood more and in familiarising with the act as environment, a career option asshole be chosen. vary of the attachment was for students to create net feeds. net plys are mappingful in securing line of descents and getting in human bodyation more or less the industry. 1. 2 Methodology The industrial attachment was conducted everyp lace the period mingled with May 10th and July 27th 2012. This period amounted to a total of 10 weeks over the school holidays. It was after the third year of study in the degree. from each integrity student, with the help of the internship coordinator had to settle a union of their choice in the relevant field of study to school in.A place was to be secured d star an application earn accompanied by a copy of a transcript, a letter of acknowledgement of student status from the University. A letter of acceptance would then be send to the university by the club that agreed to attach a student and the area in which the student will work. Students were expected to work in divers(a) sectors of the attach to, but within their course of study piece of music under attachment. The students were excessively to harbour weekly log sheets which were to be signed by the supervisor with the work they had conducted. ? 2. 0 BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANISATION . 1 History of colossal consu ltatory Services Dotaka Investments (Pty) Ltd was incorporated in Namibia in the year 2005. It has two blood linees operating, an damages brokerage c entirelyed Coverage Insurance and an write up business c alled Great consultative Services. The conjunction has two directors namely Alex Mundey and Gracia Hunde. Mr Mundey is a non-executive director while Miss Hunde is an executive director. The damages brokerage was the first business to be registered by the family in 2005 and has since grown to be integrity of the approximately renowned insurance broking heartys in Namibia.The business headquarters are situated in the Windhoek International Finance park while a nonher branch operates in the Caesar International Office Park. This is beca subroutine all insurance companies are found in the Caesar Office Park, making it convenient to get quotes upon request or to make an inquiry quicker. Having be nonplus a success and comprehend the select for better score practise for the splendider businesses, the company modify into the invoice field and registered a business named Great Advisory Services.The role of Great Advisory Services is to assist entrepreneurs to sustain their businesses by upholding proper and agreeable invoice ethos. Great Advisory Services was registered in September 2011 and has been in effect since then. Not only does the business deal with be but it as well as in company secretarial and consultancy. It registers companies, sits as a director on the menu and act as agents on submitting applications for permits. The staff includes Gracia Hunde, Elaine Chatonga and Palesa Mosa.Gracia Hunde is the executive director having gained all her knowledge from experience and is currently pursuing a degree in the University of southmost Africa. She master(prenominal)ly deals in company secretarial and business consultancy. Elaine Chatonga is the head accountant, having receive with an Honourary degree in score and is pursuing cha rtered accountancy. She draws up the financial statements and calculates the impose returns payable for all the customers and for the business as well. As head accountant, it is too her duty to supervise the work of the cler and make necessary neuters.Palesa Mosa is the history shop clerk, having acquired an AAT qualification. As a clerk she does the day to day recording of accounts for the business and for the clients. She is besides in charge of the petty cash book, say telephones, submitting mea authorized returns and miscellaneous work. MISSION The armorial bearing of Geat Advisory Services is to provide accounting serve to small, medium and puffy enterprises. In providing accounting services, the aim is to overly influence the practise of proper accounting ethos and to improve the trial and whole tone of business in the country.This is will be accomplished by construction a relationship with the clients and formulateing accounting procedures to them. By buildi ng relationships with clients and memory a small number of clients, the company is able to focalisation on individually client and non do a travel job. By targeting smaller businesses, the company is also able to probe into the finer details. occupation These consist mainly of small businesses with very few employees as these are the main target of the business. Most of the clients are in the motoring industry and retain fair(a) been contracted consequently there is non a good deal history that has been built.The chain of mountains of clients runs from auto mechanics to caterers, and interior designers. Clients are cadaverous in finished word of mouth and through networking, as the company barely advertises itself. The biggest client of the firm is its own spear header- Coverage Insurance Brokers. Most of the clients are for accounting services as opposed to the round revolutionary(prenominal) branches of the business. The business started with a small backup ba se of 4, and has since increased to over 10 contracted clients in the accounting branch. 3. 0 MANAGEMENT, TRAINING AND EMPLOYEE INFORMATION 3. 2 Supervisor assistanceI was also debriefed on other lieu duties that I would be taught which would confine nothing to do with school assignment but were skills es moveial in the government agency for drill, filing, photocopying, faxing, filling bank verifications and deposit slips and going to the bank. I was also told that I would not have any unique(predicate) responsibilities but work would adopt up as and when needed which I would be given a briefing on how to do what at that moment. 3. 3 Qualities and skills possessed and developed The job called for speed, teamwork capabilities, versatility, suavity, flexibility and grasp concepts quickly.This I had no job with, having gone(p) through internship forwards and creationness a member of clubs that indispensable teamwork. Being tossed slightly between jobs, and not knowing what to be doing when you get to work in the dominance ensured that I was always on my toes. As the job went by, I learnt to be quick but thorough, to ask questions to be accountable- work was tossed form one person to the other. If I was capturing information, I had to be thorough so that the nigh person, in this case the accountant, would be able to employment the information. If I gave her the wrongfulness information, it would mess all the accounts up.I also had to learn to be responsible ? 3. 0 MANAGEMENT, TRAINING AND EMPLOYEE INFORMATION 3. 1 Job orientation A brief merging was held on the first day of work in which an assessment of my course work and accounting knowledge was made. The information available on the transcript and platform vitae was habitd for the assessment. This same meeting was also utilize for the purpose of boastful me a tour through the company, debriefing on company history and the services offered by the company. I also got the opportunity to familiarise with the business environment and the rest of the staff a ravish.The adjacent step was to test the skills I had I state that I had. I was shown how to capture information form a receipt, change it, delete it and create a charge up for a company in the accounting software system. After a series of practices, I was asked to do the same. I went through a series of tests in utilize the accounting system, which in this case was called alert books. Having shown adequate knowledge, I was informed that I would assist in that bit of the job. The main job was capturing, but approximately more home jobs were to be done, which I was kindly briefed on.I was to be the bare(a) hand in the office hence I would be tossed around everywhere, having been given a short tutorial former(prenominal) to execution of a task. There were no specific responsibilities that were given to me most of the work to be done would be broken down before organism done. Having been briefed on the j obs to be done, I was shown the office space that I would use. A few minutes later I was assigned to my primary role for the week- filing, organising documents prior to capturing, checking if transactions had been captured properly and at the correct amounts and banking.In between the small jobs, I was to familiarise myself with the software and practise before I could be given any work concerning that. 3. 2 Supervisor assistance My supervisor adequately explained all duties and responsibilities before I undertook them. The first question before doing anything was an enquiry as to whether I had done any such thing. If I answered in the negative, I was shown how to do it. I would then attempt the same job under her watch until I had perfected my work In cases were computer use was needful, a divers(prenominal) document altogether would be opened for the sake of demonstration.A supervisor was always lay down to help if I did not understand anything. As this is a small company, help was easy to find as my slowing down would also walk out the other operations. My supervisors were quick to explain and guide through new processes specially those that mired going to NURS, going to clients and going to go with registration. I would receive office calls whenever I exhausted more time than usual. During the first days in the office, I would also get momentary calls incisively to check on win or if everything under control 3. 3 Qualities needed and qualities gainedVersatility and flexibility were needed to succeed in this position as I would be tossed into any work. This meant I would have to be a receptionist, or an accountant, or the driver so adaptation and was needed. There was such(prenominal) work to do in the office so I had to be quick to catch onto the job as I would often receive crash courses to do a new task. In a job where there were had no fixed duties, and work to do re puzzle out on each morning, it was critical to grasp the concept quickly. The job also called for an great power to work without supervision as there was a spile of work to be done between the three services offered by the company.There was a need to be organised and to ask questions to do with more clarification to get an understanding as soon as a task was given in rig to curb backlog. The amount of work to be done was much so that made round the clock assistance rather impossible. Time keeping was also very critical. We all depended on each other as one persons slow delivery affected everyone. There was a need to pay attention to detail when doing accounts so as to fuck off up with the correct financial statements and prevent reworking which would waste time.Ten client companies would expected their returns to be calculated every second month so each company had specific time slots for doing their books which had to be maximised in order to prevent a rush job being done or eating into another companys time. Fluency in English and articulation was a needed timber because there were clients to talk to, going to the recording equipment of Companies and calls to be answered when the clerk/receptionist was not around. Qualities gained during the process include the efficacy to think on my feet, tenacity, responsibility and team working.Concerning the efficiency to think on my feet, jobs done outside the office require decisions to be made quickly if things did not go according to plan this needed one to exercise discretion and take control without having to call the office first. idea on ones feet required the ability to reason carefully and objectively. over time, I developed tenacity. It became apparent that not only did the job call for work to be done, but to be completed on or before time. Working after hours became normality and not burdensome and n either was it something to growl over.The key was to understand the importance of completing a task before the next day, regardless of working hours. Honesty and responsi bility came with the job. Whenever personal resources were used in incurring company expenses, they had to be accounted for. This called for keeping of receipts and dis block the corrected amounts actually spent in order to qualify for a refund. These expenses also had to be incurred all in all towards the company and not be mixed with personal expenses. Every business can only achieve its goals through teamwork.Work was passed from one person to the other as processes were interlinked. The clerk and I did most of the primary work- capturing and organising files and it had to be understood by the next user of the information. Having done my part for the day, I would not sit around as others worked but pitch in to also help in order for the task to be completed. ? 4. 0 SPECIFIC JOB INFORMATION 4. 1 Daily Responsibilities There were no specific insouciant responsibilities given as work arose as and when needed but there were things that became routine, for example filing, faxing and photocopying.The other jobs include capturing invoices and receipts into the accounting system, checking if receipts and invoices had been entered into the system, helping to separate receipts into variant expenses and banking. write up Capturing accounting information from invoices was a day-after-day task. Expenses had to be separated into terms of sales, company expenses and capital expenses. That done, a list of all transactions entered would be printed and cross-checked with the alike(p) receipts as an internal check on capturing all expenditure and at their correct amounts.Every month end, appraise return forms were filled out and withholding value tax charges calculated. For those companies which took the liberty to calculate their own taxes, their figures would be matched with those in the tax tables to ensure consistency. The difficult part of this was working with companies that pay employees through commission as they had a different way of calculating relevant charges. Bank satisfaction at the end of each month was a required duty.The task was to go through a monthly bank statement, reconcile the figures with those in the cheque book, adjust for unpresented cheques, account for stop orders and total the bank interest charges for the month. After that the cash move out for personal use would be calculated for drawings. register The first thing upon receipt of files from a client was to sort them out in chronological order. This made it easier to account for the get outs on transactions as the date would not be changed with each receipt, it also made it easier to find a absentminded receipt or to look fo r a call into question on the receipt if they were in order.The filing work included the tax returns that would come from NURS, documents from the clients in the form of bills, contracts and agreements made between the client and the firm. For withholding taxes, each company had a separate filing place for rental withholding taxes an d employee withholding taxes. Printing, copying and faxing invoice involves a lot of printing, faxing and photocopying. The responsibility assigned was to do exactly that. It was of utmost importance to make sure that the company had one file while the client also had another copy. BankingThis involved drawing up cheques for clients, having been given the due amounts, fill in cheque deposit slips whenever a client made a payment via cheque, signing and accounting for the cheque in the company books before going to the bank to deposit it. This also involved cashing some cheques and depositing them in the respective employee accounts at the end of the month for salaries. 4. 2 separate responsibilities Messenger Jobs that were done outside the office included fetching files with clients receipts and invoices for the month and returning them, submitting and ingathering returns forms to NURS, getting clients to stamp taxes due forms.Being a messenger also involved following up on comp any or business name reservations with the Registrar of Companies. The other tasks at the Registrar of Companies were submission of forms for the change of directors and the transfer of ownership of a firm. All paperwork generated from this would be copied and sent to the concerned client Office jobs Part of the office odd jobs was answering the phone when the person responsible was not available. This would involve taking messages and answering for where the required person was, putting through phone calls and answering whatever questions a client had about the business.When clients arrived before their appointed time had to be attended and entertain until their attendant returned. This was achieved by preparing refreshments and chatting up the client, sitting them comfortably and continuous reassurance that the required person would be with them. Ensuring office security involved locking up doors and cabinets, closing windows, switching off the air conditioners by the last person to founder the office. 4. 3 Knowledge from course work Three years of in the University of Botswana has come with grasping many skills and concepts. few proved necessary, other premature and some skills use stood out more than others. Knowledge from Accounting Information Systems learnt in BIS309 was the most used and hence the most helpful. It offered a entry to be able to use any accounting software. BIS309 also helped because it dealt with the daily running of business and how to enter daily transactions into the books of accounts, the separation of bills and invoices and how to create a debit or recognize note. BIS309 also included how to account for a refund, how to add an account into the list of accounts.Most accounting now is done by software so the ability to use software and the knowledge of the way around the software was an added advantage Knowledge of sanctioned accounting and bank reconciliations was taught in pecuniary Accounting I (ACC100) and it offered know h ow on entering damage into books of accounts and drawing up bank reconciliations and treating unpresented cheques. Some clients, being new, lacked adequate accounting information. This amounted to missing receipts and invoices, misnumbered invoices, missing bank cheques or narrations to the cheques.In order to deal with this one had to work backwards from the bank statement to find missing figures and asking for rough estimates for jobs done. Incomplete Records aught in Financial Accounting II (Acc200) was a expedient resource. For the purpose of separation of business costs into cost of sales and expenses Introduction to Cost Accounting (ACC201) was very useful. Some business incurred expenses that had to be charged to their cost of sales, not costs of running the business, for example the cost of delivery, the cost of assembly, etc.One company was a delivery company and conducted disdain by going to South Africa and taking goods for delivery into Namibia, the cost of the job di d not only include fuel to travel to South Africa but it included the drivers accommodation and food and the cost of toll gates. Dealing with these expenses was leant in Managaemnt accounting applications ACC303. Final accounts are drawn at the end of each month and they have to be drawn up according to the formats in the accounting standards.Knowledge of accounting standards and presentation formats was acquired in Auditing I (ACC301) and Financial Accounting II (ACC 300. ) Upon the calculation of taxes for individual employees, calculating the gross taxes, doing a bank reconciliation, comparison of figures, checking if all receipts had been entered Microsoft excel was used. BIS 205 dealt with the primary use of computers and plugging in formulae. General bringing up Courses dealt with the use of computers and communication.Businesses require a lot of communication and etiquette. Gec 121,introduction to Computers was useful for the purpose of using email, Introduction to Communica tion (GEC111 and 112) helped in articulation and Introduction to Rhetoric and public Speaking (GEC 364) helped in building confidence and addressing people. For the sake of company registration, the difference between a company and a business grasped in Introduction to Company Law (LAW351) was a critical tool in knowing the difference, lest the two be wrongly interchanged.This difference was also critical whenever capturing expenses, keeping in brain that sole traders were not separated from the business and withdrawals made were charged as drawings. 4. 4 Beneficial things to have learnt It would have been very helpful to have gone through an introductory lesson in tax so as to understand the format, the applicable tax figures had and to fill in a tax from with understanding. Most of the plant in tax were done out of memory, having been briefed on before but with no adequate understanding as to why they were done that way for example amounts exempt from tax and the calculations o f allowable deductions.Cash flow Statements are part of the final accounts drawn up at the end of the month. This was also something learnt on the job but without full comprehension of what exactly to be done and what to be done. 4. 5 new skills acquired The reservation of a company name and creation of a shelf company is one of the stand out skills I acquired on the job. A lot of companies open new branches, since Botswana is a developing country and there is domineering economic growth, many businesses and companies are being opened as a give and know how in reserving a name and registering a business has dumbfound a crucial tool that one may use as an agent.In attainment how to reserve company names and creating shelf companies, it was inevitable that I had to learn how to change directors of a company. Some companies do not immediately operate upon been granted approval or even stop to start, these companies can then be taken over by other persons. Forms for changes in dir ectors of a company are retrieved from the Registrar of Companies website. The website hosts many forms that can just be downloaded and printed without necessarily collecting them from their offices. I learnt how to collect a tax return form. These forms are collects directly from NURS.A tax return form has to types, one being for VAT and the other being income tax. The person collecting the tax returns forms has to have knowledge of their Tax Identity Number. early(a) small skills acquired include- Calculation of PAYE. Pay as You Earn tax is calculated using the tax tables. Each income has a specific tax matched to it and those that go beyond the normal amount have a specific extra amount to apply. How to register a company for tax. The form is collected from NURS and it contains various areas to be filled out including the type of business, the name of the business.The bank needs to also certify that an account by that person exists. How to fax and photocopy. This was part of dai ly office work. No knowledge of such skills had been possessed before. How to use Quickbooks. This was the accounting software used by the company. Knowledge of Pastel Accounting and the use of Microsoft in Accounting were the only prior knowledge. Most companies use Quickbooks so this is a relevant skill upon job search at the completion of the degree. How to use office stationery properly. There is some stationery designed for office use that we fail to use properly.Documents need to be filed neatly and in an orderly manner. That said, learnt how to align a paper before punching, refill staples and to use the various types of files. ? 5. 0 Conclusions and testimony 5. 1 Career goals versus industrial attachment The Industrial attachment surely did bring some perspective. The daily work in accounting is significantly different from the theory learnt in school. Day to day accounts is routine and very simple. Within a short period of time, one begins to know the routine of recordi ng and creating financial statements at the end of the year.That said, I realise now that accounting needs to be supplemented with other courses, for example ACCA, CFA, CIMA, etc. These professional courses give one the ability to review policies placed by the business in their accounting. They also help one to become more marketable in the industry and prevent the boredom inherent in most office jobs with routine tasks. Looking at the championship of the business, there is a dire need for accountants and for people to learn to be accounts smart. Most companies do not even have a clerk and most small businesses do not have an accounts department as the owner does everything and the results nd up being very poor. I have also come to realise that the lack of consultancy and knowledge of cost versus revenue makes some businesses fail or not realise their full potential as much is taken from the business without replacement via drawings. That said, may career goals really have changed and I would not want to end up sitting in the office, day by day, drawing accounts for people, but instead to give advice on running a business and creating strategies that work. I would like to move into explaining accounts to business owners and creating strategies for the purpose of cost reduction and ensuring longevity in a business.Clients constantly complain about the return on their taxes, some do not even know what it meat or how it is calculated and are always disgruntled when they see an accountant coming through. Clients therefore need tutorials in the accounting field so that they just do not accept anything or begin to distrust their accountants. 5. 2 derivations from the attachment Two stand out lessons were derived from internship, the first being that university education entirely does not fully equip one for the work environment one needs a bit of experience.The second lesson being, there is a lot of ignorance concerning accounting in Namibia, to the point of bus iness owners doing their own book-keeping. This comes from a lack of appreciation of the role of accounting in business. Concerning the equipping by the University, there is not large way of life for doing accounting practically. There are too many courses from other faculties that students are encouraged to take up in their first year, which leaves little room for proper accounting courses in the degree.The result is that most accounting is taught in a rush manner without adequate understanding and the result is that students cram without grasping concepts fully. This became apparent on the calculation of a business daily expenses. In the examples given us in school, the figures are already summed up and apparent, most of the work involves drawing final accounts, but in businesses, final accounts are drawn up only once a month. The recording of a business daily expenses is critical and needs to be given attention in the foundation courses of the degree.Concerning ignorance of ac counting , most businesses have no accountant and do not keep the relevant information used in drawing up accounts. The use of interns is also a wide spread normality among those who wish to have some form of book-keeping in their business. However, interns are fresh from university and often make mistakes. This results in backlogs during work as some of the books have to be redone. 5. 3 most significant learning experience The most significant learning process was that on the importance of teamwork. Business processes are intertwined that each person relied the other person.Slacking was therefore impossible as it affected everyone elses progress. That said, I learnt to rely on other people, and to become a person to be relied upon. I also learnt to value the piece of other people and the vitality of making a significant division in a team. 5. 4 self-evaluation The key strengths I possessed for this job were adaptation and quick-learning. I understood whatever work was assigned t o me in a very short space of time. There was a lot of tossing around involved in the job as I had no specific responsibilities, this meant I had to be versatile and ready for anything.The ability to think quickly and summon trounce judgement in a rash situation was very useful when running errands and things would not go according to plan or clients were late. This required changing things or rearranging with a client on my own without calling the office first. The ability to work without supervision and being self-motivated was an added advantage. Because of the lack of space, I shared the office with the other company branch of Dotaka Investments called Coverage Insurance. This meant I had no round the clock supervision in my work. I however managed to complete all my work before time or on time.Being reliable is another quality I possess that the executive director would allow me to run errands for her with her car while she would be in the office. She relied on me to represen t her well wherever she sent me on her behalf. Dress was no problem for me as I made sure I was clad formally and presentable each day. Articulation and fluency in English was an added quality as well that enabled me to win over clients and explain to them adequately what we required of them. im formal. time keeping My time keeping in the morning was not the most efficient.Most of the time i was not punctual to work and i would arrive a little bit after time. I however compensated for this shortfall by personally working during lunch or working late. 5. 5 recomendations for improvement in the organisation Great Advisory Services needs bigger office space. During this period of attachment, there were five employees communion two rooms. This meant that the main office had three employees which is too large a number for a small space. The room became crowded to the point that clients would notice and either mention in a joking manner or just showed unpleasantness.The company vision ha s to be printed and stuck on the wall and be used in company stamps. I only knew the vision when I had. A company vision helps in boosting employee morale by showing them that whatever they are doing is contribute to the achievement of the vision. Grievances in the company need to be addressed. There were matters that were move under the carpet even though they were important. There were times were there would be some tension in the office or gossip over another person over things that were not properly stipulated yet could be solved with a sit down meeting.There needs to be an investment towards the rearing of employees. An accounts consultant was employed by the firm for enquiries sake. However, his availability was after hours which could go on till midnight this was not an efficient way of working. The problem can be overcome by putting one of the accountants through an ACCA program. Also the clerks work was not up to standard as most of it had to be redone. Employee training should also be in answering calls, using appropriate register as there was a tendency for employees to use an incorrect tone or a colloquial term in a formal set-up.Accounting Attachment Report1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 The objectives of the Industrial attachment The purpose of industrial attachment is to bridge the gap between the theory and the practise of coursework learnt in the University of Botswana. It is meant to give students a clearer perspective of concepts learnt in the academic environment and in turn prepare them for the work environment upon completion of the degree programme. Internship is also aimed at give students a chance to apply the material learnt into a practical environment and get to know the work industry.In applying academic material, it is understood more and in familiarising with the work environment, a career option can be chosen. Part of the attachment was for students to create networks. networks are useful in securing jobs and getting information about the industry. 1. 2 Methodology The industrial attachment was conducted over the period between May 10th and July 27th 2012. This period amounted to a total of 10 weeks over the school holidays. It was after the third year of study in the degree. Each student, with the help of the internship coordinator had to find a company of their choice in the relevant field of study to work in.A place was to be secured through an application letter accompanied by a copy of a transcript, a letter of acknowledgement of student status from the University. A letter of acceptance would then be sent to the university by the company that agreed to attach a student and the area in which the student will work. Students were expected to work in various sectors of the company, but within their course of study while under attachment. The students were also to keep weekly log sheets which were to be signed by the supervisor with the work they had conducted. ? 2. 0 BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANISATION . 1 History of Great Advisory Services Dotaka Investments (Pty) Ltd was incorporated in Namibia in the year 2005. It has two businesses operating, an insurance brokerage called Coverage Insurance and an accounting business called Great Advisory Services. The company has two directors namely Alex Mundey and Gracia Hunde. Mr Mundey is a non-executive director while Miss Hunde is an executive director. The insurance brokerage was the first business to be registered by the company in 2005 and has since grown to be one of the most renowned insurance broking firms in Namibia.The business headquarters are situated in the Windhoek International Finance Park while another branch operates in the Caesar International Office Park. This is because all insurance companies are found in the Caesar Office Park, making it convenient to get quotes upon request or to make an inquiry quicker. Having become a success and seeing the need for better accounting practise for the smaller businesses, the company diversifi ed into the accounting field and registered a business named Great Advisory Services.The role of Great Advisory Services is to assist entrepreneurs to sustain their businesses by upholding proper and consistent accounting ethos. Great Advisory Services was registered in September 2011 and has been in operation since then. Not only does the business deal with accounting but it also in company secretarial and consultancy. It registers companies, sits as a director on the board and act as agents on submitting applications for permits. The staff includes Gracia Hunde, Elaine Chatonga and Palesa Mosa.Gracia Hunde is the executive director having gained all her knowledge from experience and is currently pursuing a degree in the University of South Africa. She mainly deals in company secretarial and business consultancy. Elaine Chatonga is the head accountant, having graduated with an Honourary degree in accounting and is pursuing chartered accountancy. She draws up the financial statement s and calculates the tax returns due for all the clients and for the business as well. As head accountant, it is also her duty to supervise the work of the cler and make necessary changes.Palesa Mosa is the accounting clerk, having acquired an AAT qualification. As a clerk she does the day to day recording of accounts for the business and for the clients. She is also in charge of the petty cash book, answering calls, submitting tax returns and miscellaneous work. MISSION The mission of Geat Advisory Services is to provide accounting services to small, medium and large enterprises. In providing accounting services, the aim is to also influence the practise of proper accounting ethos and to improve the running and quality of business in the country.This is will be accomplished by building a relationship with the clients and explaining accounting procedures to them. By building relationships with clients and keeping a small number of clients, the company is able to focus on each client and not do a rush job. By targeting smaller businesses, the company is also able to probe into the finer details. Clientele These consist mainly of small businesses with very few employees as these are the main target of the business. Most of the clients are in the motoring industry and have just been contracted hence there is not much history that has been built.The range of clients runs from auto mechanics to caterers, and interior designers. Clients are drawn in through word of mouth and through networking, as the company barely advertises itself. The biggest client of the firm is its own spear header- Coverage Insurance Brokers. Most of the clients are for accounting services as opposed to the other branches of the business. The business started with a small clientele base of 4, and has since increased to over 10 contracted clients in the accounting branch. 3. 0 MANAGEMENT, TRAINING AND EMPLOYEE INFORMATION 3. 2 Supervisor assistanceI was also debriefed on other office duties t hat I would be taught which would have nothing to do with schoolwork but were skills needed in the office for example, filing, photocopying, faxing, filling bank cheques and deposit slips and going to the bank. I was also told that I would not have any specific responsibilities but work would come up as and when needed which I would be given a briefing on how to do what at that moment. 3. 3 Qualities and skills possessed and developed The job called for speed, teamwork capabilities, versatility, fluency, flexibility and grasping concepts quickly.This I had no problem with, having gone through internship before and being a member of clubs that required teamwork. Being tossed around between jobs, and not knowing what to be doing when you get to work in the office ensured that I was always on my toes. As the job went by, I learnt to be quick but thorough, to ask questions to be accountable- work was tossed form one person to the other. If I was capturing information, I had to be thorou gh so that the next person, in this case the accountant, would be able to use the information. If I gave her the wrong information, it would mess all the accounts up.I also had to learn to be responsible ? 3. 0 MANAGEMENT, TRAINING AND EMPLOYEE INFORMATION 3. 1 Job orientation A brief meeting was held on the first day of work in which an assessment of my course work and accounting knowledge was made. The information available on the transcript and curriculum vitae was used for the assessment. This same meeting was also used for the purpose of giving me a tour through the company, debriefing on company history and the services offered by the company. I also got the opportunity to familiarise with the business environment and the rest of the staff around.The next step was to test the skills I had I stated that I had. I was shown how to capture information form a receipt, change it, delete it and create a file for a company in the accounting software. After a series of examples, I was asked to do the same. I went through a series of tests in using the accounting system, which in this case was called Quick books. Having shown adequate knowledge, I was informed that I would assist in that part of the job. The main job was capturing, but some more office jobs were to be done, which I was kindly briefed on.I was to be the extra hand in the office hence I would be tossed around everywhere, having been given a short tutorial prior to execution of a task. There were no specific responsibilities that were given to me most of the work to be done would be broken down before being done. Having been briefed on the jobs to be done, I was shown the office space that I would use. A few minutes later I was assigned to my primary role for the week- filing, organising documents prior to capturing, checking if transactions had been captured properly and at the correct amounts and banking.In between the small jobs, I was to familiarise myself with the software and practise before I could be given any work concerning that. 3. 2 Supervisor assistance My supervisor adequately explained all duties and responsibilities before I undertook them. The first question before doing anything was an enquiry as to whether I had done any such thing. If I answered in the negative, I was shown how to do it. I would then attempt the same job under her watch until I had perfected my work In cases were computer use was required, a different document altogether would be opened for the sake of demonstration.A supervisor was always ready to help if I did not understand anything. As this is a small company, help was easy to find as my slowing down would also affect the other operations. My supervisors were quick to explain and guide through new processes especially those that involved going to NURS, going to clients and going to Company registration. I would receive office calls whenever I spent more time than usual. During the first days in the office, I would also get momentary call s just to check on progress or if everything under control 3. 3 Qualities needed and qualities gainedVersatility and flexibility were needed to succeed in this position as I would be tossed into any work. This meant I would have to be a receptionist, or an accountant, or the driver so adaptation and was needed. There was much work to do in the office so I had to be quick to catch onto the job as I would often receive crash courses to do a new task. In a job where there were had no fixed duties, and work to do decided on each morning, it was critical to grasp the concept quickly. The job also called for an ability to work without supervision as there was a lot of work to be done between the three services offered by the company.There was a need to be organised and to ask questions to do with more clarification to get an understanding as soon as a task was given in order to curb backlog. The amount of work to be done was much so that made round the clock assistance rather impossible. Time keeping was also very critical. We all depended on each other as one persons slow delivery affected everyone. There was a need to pay attention to detail when doing accounts so as to come up with the correct financial statements and prevent reworking which would waste time.Ten client companies would expected their returns to be calculated every second month so each company had specific time slots for doing their books which had to be maximised in order to prevent a rush job being done or eating into another companys time. Fluency in English and articulation was a needed quality because there were clients to talk to, going to the Registrar of Companies and calls to be answered when the clerk/receptionist was not around. Qualities gained during the process included the ability to think on my feet, tenacity, responsibility and team working.Concerning the ability to think on my feet, jobs done outside the office required decisions to be made quickly if things did not go according t o plan this needed one to exercise discretion and take control without having to call the office first. Thinking on ones feet required the ability to reason carefully and objectively. Over time, I developed tenacity. It became apparent that not only did the job call for work to be done, but to be completed on or before time. Working after hours became normality and not burdensome and neither was it something to complain over.The key was to understand the importance of completing a task before the next day, regardless of working hours. Honesty and responsibility came with the job. Whenever personal resources were used in incurring company expenses, they had to be accounted for. This called for keeping of receipts and disclosing the corrected amounts actually spent in order to qualify for a refund. These expenses also had to be incurred wholly towards the company and not be mixed with personal expenses. Every business can only achieve its goals through teamwork.Work was passed from on e person to the other as processes were interlinked. The clerk and I did most of the primary work- capturing and organising files and it had to be understood by the next user of the information. Having done my part for the day, I would not sit around as others worked but pitch in to also help in order for the task to be completed. ? 4. 0 SPECIFIC JOB INFORMATION 4. 1 Daily Responsibilities There were no specific daily responsibilities given as work arose as and when needed but there were things that became routine, for example filing, faxing and photocopying.The other jobs included capturing invoices and receipts into the accounting system, checking if receipts and invoices had been entered into the system, helping to separate receipts into different expenses and banking. Accounting Capturing accounting information from invoices was a daily task. Expenses had to be separated into cost of sales, company expenses and capital expenditures. That done, a list of all transactions entered would be printed and cross-checked with the corresponding receipts as an internal check on capturing all expenditure and at their correct amounts.Every month end, tax return forms were filled out and withholding tax charges calculated. For those companies which took the liberty to calculate their own taxes, their figures would be matched with those in the tax tables to ensure consistency. The difficult part of this was working with companies that pay employees through commission as they had a different way of calculating applicable charges. Bank reconciliation at the end of each month was a required duty.The task was to go through a monthly bank statement, reconcile the figures with those in the cheque book, adjust for unpresented cheques, account for stop orders and total the bank interest charges for the month. After that the money drawn out for personal use would be calculated for drawings. Filing The first thing upon receipt of files from a client was to sort them out in chronol ogical order. This made it easier to account for the dates on transactions as the date would not be changed with each receipt, it also made it easier to find a missing receipt or to look fo r a query on the receipt if they were in order.The filing work included the tax returns that would come from NURS, documents from the clients in the form of bills, contracts and agreements made between the client and the firm. For withholding taxes, each company had a separate filing place for rental withholding taxes and employee withholding taxes. Printing, copying and faxing Accounting involves a lot of printing, faxing and photocopying. The responsibility assigned was to do exactly that. It was of utmost importance to make sure that the company had one file while the client also had another copy. BankingThis involved drawing up cheques for clients, having been given the due amounts, fill in cheque deposit slips whenever a client made a payment via cheque, signing and accounting for the cheque in the company books before going to the bank to deposit it. This also involved cashing some cheques and depositing them in the respective employee accounts at the end of the month for salaries. 4. 2 Other responsibilities Messenger Jobs that were done outside the office included fetching files with clients receipts and invoices for the month and returning them, submitting and collecting returns forms to NURS, getting clients to stamp taxes due forms.Being a messenger also involved following up on company or business name reservations with the Registrar of Companies. The other tasks at the Registrar of Companies were submission of forms for the change of directors and the transfer of ownership of a firm. All paperwork generated from this would be copied and sent to the concerned client Office jobs Part of the office odd jobs was answering the phone when the person responsible was not available. This would involve taking messages and answering for where the required person was, putt ing through phone calls and answering whatever questions a client had about the business.When clients arrived before their appointed time had to be attended and entertained until their attendant returned. This was achieved by preparing refreshments and chatting up the client, sitting them comfortably and continuous reassurance that the required person would be with them. Ensuring office security involved locking up doors and cabinets, closing windows, switching off the air conditioners by the last person to leave the office. 4. 3 Knowledge from course work Three years of in the University of Botswana has come with grasping many skills and concepts.Some proved necessary, other premature and some skills use stood out more than others. Knowledge from Accounting Information Systems learnt in BIS309 was the most used and hence the most helpful. It offered a foundation to be able to use any accounting software. BIS309 also helped because it dealt with the daily running of business and how to enter daily transactions into the books of accounts, the separation of bills and invoices and how to create a debit or credit note. BIS309 also included how to account for a refund, how to add an account into the list of accounts.Most accounting now is done by software so the ability to use software and the knowledge of the way around the software was an added advantage Knowledge of basic accounting and bank reconciliations was taught in Financial Accounting I (ACC100) and it offered know how on entering costs into books of accounts and drawing up bank reconciliations and treating unpresented cheques. Some clients, being new, lacked adequate accounting information. This amounted to missing receipts and invoices, misnumbered invoices, missing bank cheques or narrations to the cheques.In order to deal with this one had to work backwards from the bank statement to find missing figures and asking for rough estimates for jobs done. Incomplete Records aught in Financial Accounting II (Acc200) was a useful resource. For the purpose of separation of business costs into cost of sales and expenses Introduction to Cost Accounting (ACC201) was very useful. Some business incurred expenses that had to be charged to their cost of sales, not costs of running the business, for example the cost of delivery, the cost of assembly, etc.One company was a delivery company and conducted trade by going to South Africa and taking goods for delivery into Namibia, the cost of the job did not only include fuel to travel to South Africa but it included the drivers accommodation and food and the cost of toll gates. Dealing with these expenses was leant in Managaemnt accounting applications ACC303. Final accounts are drawn at the end of each month and they have to be drawn up according to the formats in the accounting standards.Knowledge of accounting standards and presentation formats was acquired in Auditing I (ACC301) and Financial Accounting II (ACC 300. ) Upon the calculation of tax es for individual employees, calculating the gross taxes, doing a bank reconciliation, comparison of figures, checking if all receipts had been entered Microsoft excel was used. BIS 205 dealt with the primary use of computers and plugging in formulae. General Education Courses dealt with the use of computers and communication.Businesses require a lot of communication and etiquette. Gec 121,introduction to Computers was useful for the purpose of using email, Introduction to Communication (GEC111 and 112) helped in articulation and Introduction to Rhetoric and Public Speaking (GEC 364) helped in building confidence and addressing people. For the sake of company registration, the difference between a company and a business grasped in Introduction to Company Law (LAW351) was a critical tool in knowing the difference, lest the two be wrongly interchanged.This difference was also critical whenever capturing expenses, keeping in mind that sole traders were not separated from the business a nd withdrawals made were charged as drawings. 4. 4 Beneficial things to have learnt It would have been very helpful to have gone through an introductory lesson in tax so as to understand the format, the applicable tax figures had and to fill in a tax from with understanding. Most of the workings in tax were done out of memory, having been briefed on before but with no adequate understanding as to why they were done that way for example amounts exempt from tax and the calculations of allowable deductions.Cash flow Statements are part of the final accounts drawn up at the end of the month. This was also something learnt on the job but without full comprehension of what exactly to be done and what to be done. 4. 5 new skills acquired The reservation of a company name and creation of a shelf company is one of the stand out skills I acquired on the job. A lot of companies open new branches, since Botswana is a developing country and there is positive economic growth, many businesses and companies are being opened as a result and know how in reserving a name and registering a business has become a crucial tool that one may use as an agent.In learning how to reserve company names and creating shelf companies, it was inevitable that I had to learn how to change directors of a company. Some companies do not immediately operate upon been granted approval or even fail to start, these companies can then be taken over by other persons. Forms for changes in directors of a company are retrieved from the Registrar of Companies website. The website hosts many forms that can just be downloaded and printed without necessarily collecting them from their offices. I learnt how to collect a tax return form. These forms are collects directly from NURS.A tax return form has to types, one being for VAT and the other being income tax. The person collecting the tax returns forms has to have knowledge of their Tax Identity Number. Other small skills acquired include- Calculation of PAYE. Pay as You Earn tax is calculated using the tax tables. Each income has a specific tax matched to it and those that go beyond the normal amount have a specific extra amount to apply. How to register a company for tax. The form is collected from NURS and it contains various areas to be filled out including the type of business, the name of the business.The bank needs to also certify that an account by that person exists. How to fax and photocopy. This was part of daily office work. No knowledge of such skills had been possessed before. How to use Quickbooks. This was the accounting software used by the company. Knowledge of Pastel Accounting and the use of Microsoft in Accounting were the only prior knowledge. Most companies use Quickbooks so this is a relevant skill upon job search at the completion of the degree. How to use office stationery properly. There is some stationery designed for office use that we fail to use properly.Documents need to be filed neatly and in an orderly ma nner. That said, learnt how to align a paper before punching, refill staples and to use the various types of files. ? 5. 0 Conclusions and recommendation 5. 1 Career goals versus industrial attachment The Industrial attachment surely did bring some perspective. The daily work in accounting is significantly different from the theory learnt in school. Day to day accounts is routine and very simple. Within a short period of time, one begins to know the routine of recording and creating financial statements at the end of the year.That said, I realise now that accounting needs to be supplemented with other courses, for example ACCA, CFA, CIMA, etc. These professional courses give one the ability to review policies placed by the business in their accounting. They also help one to become more marketable in the industry and prevent the boredom inherent in most office jobs with routine tasks. Looking at the clientele of the business, there is a dire need for accountants and for people to lea rn to be accounts smart. Most companies do not even have a clerk and most small businesses do not have an accounts department as the owner does everything and the results nd up being very poor. I have also come to realise that the lack of consultancy and knowledge of cost versus revenue makes some businesses fail or not realise their full potential as much is taken from the business without replacement via drawings. That said, may career goals really have changed and I would not want to end up sitting in the office, day by day, drawing accounts for people, but instead to give advice on running a business and creating strategies that work. I would like to move into explaining accounts to business owners and creating strategies for the purpose of cost reduction and ensuring longevity in a business.Clients constantly complain about the return on their taxes, some do not even know what it means or how it is calculated and are always disgruntled when they see an accountant coming through . Clients therefore need tutorials in the accounting field so that they just do not accept anything or begin to distrust their accountants. 5. 2 derivations from the attachment Two stand out lessons were derived from internship, the first being that university education alone does not fully equip one for the work environment one needs a bit of experience.The second lesson being, there is a lot of ignorance concerning accounting in Namibia, to the point of business owners doing their own book-keeping. This comes from a lack of appreciation of the role of accounting in business. Concerning the equipping by the University, there is not enough room for doing accounting practically. There are too many courses from other faculties that students are encouraged to take up in their first year, which leaves little room for proper accounting courses in the degree.The result is that most accounting is taught in a rush manner without adequate understanding and the result is that students cram wi thout grasping concepts fully. This became apparent on the calculation of a business daily expenses. In the examples given us in school, the figures are already summed up and apparent, most of the work involves drawing final accounts, but in businesses, final accounts are drawn up only once a month. The recording of a business daily expenses is critical and needs to be given attention in the foundation courses of the degree.Concerning ignorance of accounting , most businesses have no accountant and do not keep the relevant information used in drawing up accounts. The use of interns is also a wide spread normality among those who wish to have some form of book-keeping in their business. However, interns are fresh from university and often make mistakes. This results in backlogs during work as some of the books have to be redone. 5. 3 most significant learning experience The most significant learning process was that on the importance of teamwork. Business processes are intertwined th at each person relied the other person.Slacking was therefore intolerable as it affected everyone elses progress. That said, I learnt to rely on other people, and to become a person to be relied upon. I also learnt to value the contribution of other people and the vitality of making a significant contribution in a team. 5. 4 self-evaluation The key strengths I possessed for this job were adaptation and quick-learning. I understood whatever work was assigned to me in a very short space of time. There was a lot of tossing around involved in the job as I had no specific responsibilities, this meant I had to be versatile and ready for anything.The ability to think quickly and summon best judgement in a rash situation was very useful when running errands and things would not go according to plan or clients were late. This required changing things or rearranging with a client on my own without calling the office first. The ability to work without supervision and being self-motivated was a n added advantage. Because of the lack of space, I shared the office with the other company branch of Dotaka Investments called Coverage Insurance. This meant I had no round the clock supervision in my work. I however managed to complete all my work before time or on time.Being reliable is another quality I possess that the executive director would allow me to run errands for her with her car while she would be in the office. She relied on me to represent her well wherever she sent me on her behalf. Dress was no problem for me as I made sure I was clad formally and presentable each day. Articulation and fluency in English was an added quality as well that enabled me to win over clients and explain to them adequately what we required of them. im formal. time keeping My time keeping in the morning was not the most efficient.Most of the time i was not punctual to work and i would arrive a little bit after time. I however compensated for this shortfall by personally working during lunch or working late. 5. 5 recomendations for improvement in the organisation Great Advisory Services needs bigger office space. During this period of attachment, there were five employees sharing two rooms. This meant that the main office had three employees which is too large a number for a small space. The room became crowded to the point that clients would notice and either mention in a joking manner or just showed unpleasantness.The company vision has to be printed and stuck on the wall and be used in company stamps. I only knew the vision when I had. A company vision helps in boosting employee morale by showing them that whatever they are doing is contributing to the achievement of the vision. Grievances in the company need to be addressed. There were matters that were swept under the carpet even though they were important. There were times were there would be some tension in the office or gossip over another person over things that were not properly stipulated yet could be solved with a sit down meeting.There needs to be an investment towards the training of employees. An accounts consultant was employed by the firm for enquiries sake. However, his availability was after hours which could go on till midnight this was not an efficient way of working. The problem can be overcome by putting one of the accountants through an ACCA program. Also the clerks work was not up to standard as most of it had to be redone. Employee training should also be in answering calls, using appropriate register as there was a tendency for employees to use an incorrect tone or a colloquial term in a formal set-up.

The Effects of Watching Tagalized English Movies in the Philippines

Introduction . Tagalization is the process of converting foreign language into Filipino language or it is the translating of school text into Filipino. Under the 1987 Constitution XIV Section 6, the Filipino national language was settled and the Education department adopted a bilingual program to conjure the use of Tagalog, the other official language. The government was swayed by studies indicating that children exded to gather up better in their native languages The trend for Tagalization or as some would call it Filipinization has change magnitude in the recent years.Among those in the media which have changed languages through the years are the movies. And because of this, the level of incline proficiency decreased. Incapability to speak face fluently and expeditiously is one of the realities faced by many young Filipinos today. There are many reasons to explain the decline in English proficiency but the proliferation of television shows such as tagalizing English movies is one of the attributors. With this, how could we expect the young generation to speak and write English fluently? AbsractThis research entitled The Effects of Tagalizing English on the English Proficiency of the First Year College Students of Pasig Catholic College was conducted to know the effects of tagalizing English movies of the first year college students of Pasig Catholic College. It aims to answer the following questions 1. What is the visibleness of the first year college students of Pasig Catholic College in terms of 1. 1 Gender 1. 2 Program1. 3 Age 2. What is the academic level of performance of those students who watch tagalized English movies? 3. What are the effects of watching tagalized English movies?The researcher chose the first year college students of Pasig Catholic College to be her respondents. In this regard, the researcher used descriptive method to happen the incompatible effects of tagalizing English movies of the abovementioned first year college stud ents. The researcher used the survey questionnaires in gathering data as the main instrument. The questionnaire is divided into lead parts. Part I was about the profile of the respondents, part II was the grade in English of the first year college students for the first semester, and part III dealt with the different factors regarding tagalized movies.In the light of the study, the researcher came up with the following findings Area of Focus This study aims to determine the effects of tagalizing English movies of the first year college students of Pasig Catholic College. The English instructor This study may prove significant to the English teachers to become aware of the students needs and responses. He/she, as a facilitator of learning should move on the students in engaging oral and written activities to enhance their English proficiency.The Students This study will serve as an encouragement to the students to watch English movies more quite of tagalized English movies to deve lop fundamental communication skills that prepare students to engage in fluent and responsible communication. The Parents Through this reseach, the parents will come up with ways to instigate and expose their children to different English resources to develop the students skills in English proficiency. Related Literature According to Shianee Mamanglu of Manila Bulletin (2010) agreed that the Filipino skill in English have diminished over the years thus the need to enhance it.She also said that only five to ten are accepted out of every 100 call center applicants because of poor English skills particularly on communication. Lingualearn, (2002 ) said that one can learn grammar of a language in different ways and one of these is by watching television. All have an inborn mechanism for decoding and making thought of foreign languages. By immersion in the foreign language and culture, one should be able to pick up any language. The New Strait multiplication and the Star Newspaper (2005 ) said that it is important that students should watch more television, especially educational English programs.

Is early United States history a story of progress Essay

Progress in westsideward expansion (for white Americans) not good for native Americans. The early United States history is a story of progress and conflict in terms of political, territorial, and social advancement. Political Alien and Sedition Acts- During the Adams administration, congress passed the Alien and Sedation acts to suppress public reproval of the government and limit the freedom of foreigners in the US. Outcry against these acts helped the republican cause. then the rise of democratic politics between 1820 and 1840, a revolution took place in American Politics.When property and taxpaying qualifications for voting were repealed, voter participation grew drastically. In turn, the expanded electorate made possible the creation of new national political parties. jiffy party system increased political participation, economic concerns stemming from the panic of 1819m anxiety over thralldoms expansion, and the corrupt bargain all contributed to the creation of the second party system. As a result, the modern political system we k today today was born.Election of 1828 Jackson Democrats were the first to appeal directly for voter sustain through a professional party organization And, in the wipeout, Jacksons victory in 1828 was interpreted as a victory for the harsh man over the rich and well born. with democrats and whigs- Democrats were the Jackson party. They were against interference from the national government and had a powerful stem turn in rural south and west among urban workers in the north. Whigs formed in opposition to Jackson and favored a strong national government and social reform.They had a powerful base in the industrialized North as well as among some southern planters. which fell apart over issue of bondage expansion- Wilmots prep Proposing that slavery should be banned from all of the territories acquired from Mexico, this provision ignited an intense debate about the place of slavery in the future of the nation and helpe d activate the end of the Second Party System.Territorial Louisiana purchase- Doubled the size of the US, which terrified many federalists who forethoughted that the creation of new western states would further eaken the political submit of the northeast. Tecumsen and Tenskwatawa Calling for a return to traditional indigene American practices, these brothers created a powerful pan-indian military movement and eventually allied with the British in couch to stop Anglo-American expansion War of 1812 The war of 1812 effectively destroyed the ability of the Native Americans to resist American Expansion east of the Mississippi and it convinced Americans that they could now fend off European threats.Missouri compromise The Mississippi compromise, which represents the nations first extended debate over slaverys expansion, maintain sectional balance and prohibited the formation of slave states north of the Mississippi compromise line. Indian removal act Passed in 1830, this act for ced Native Americans to leave their tribal lands and settle on federal lands to the west of the Mississippi River. manifest destiny. Manifest Destiny, the commonly-held belief that God had chosen Anglo-Americans to expand westward, was in reality a racial, economic, and political justification for aggressive territorial expansion.But with the US War with Mexico came great debate over whether slavery should continue to make it expanding. This war bitterly divided American public opinion, greatly expanded the nations borders, initiated a legacy of conquest throughout the southwest, and set the stage for civil war. accord of Guadalupe Hidalgo According to this treaty, Mexico surrendered its northern provinces of California and New Mexico to the US and accepted the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas in return for $15 million.SocialSlavery was a grownup part of American society as a result of king cotton fiber. Demand for cotton was a result of the industrialized revolution. And , by the civil war, cotton accounted for almost 60% of American exports. Pro-slavery Arguments In their defense of slavery, Southerners argued that the institution was essential for the nations economy, that it was sanctioned by the bible, that blacks were racially inferior and better off enslaved, and that slaves received thin care and protection compared to factory workers in the north.Slave Resistance Wielding power within a system designed to render them powerless, slaves resisted the institution of slavery in a variety of ways. Nat Turners Rebellion Nat Turners slave rebellion resulted in the deaths of 55 white people and instilled intense fear among slave owners for years to come. Abolition Movement Abolitionists argued that slavery was immoral, illegal, NS violation of the principles of natural rights of life and liberty embodied in the Declaration of Independence.Wilmots Provision Proposing that slavery should be banned from all of the territories acquired from Mexico, this provision ignited an intense debate about the place of slavery in the future of the nation and helped trigger the end of the Second Party System. Compromise of 1850 Which adopted the doctrine of popular sovereignty in the west and enacted a controversial fugitive slave law, only temporarily settled the question of slavery in the territories.Kansas-Nebraska Act As a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, antislavery Northerners and proslavery Southerners clashed in Kansas and popular sovereignty quickly degenerated into warfare. Election of 1860 The election of 1860 was peradventure the most divisive in American history, And, as a result of Lincolns election, southern states began withdrawing from the union. Only through the Civil War that slavery eventually abolished Though the Civil War started as an effort to maintain the union, it evolved into a war for the liberation of slaves.Indeed, slavery, as a political, economic and moral issue, was the get back cause of the war. Em ancipation Proclamation Free only those slaves living in states not under the union control. Nevertheless, the proclamation allowed black soldiers to fight for the union and transform union forced into an arm of liberation. with the 13th Amendment Realizing that the Emancipation Proclamation could be reverses by future legislation, Lincoln won congressional approval of the 13th Amendment, which in the long run abolished slaver in the United States.

The Purchase of Alaska

There are many assigns in North America. formally k right offn as the coupled States of America. From New York to California, you could find millions of different types of passel, and cultures from around the world. But how about a state that is so isolated from them all, that many people forget it was even added as the 49th state to the country? The lone state of Alaska is to the north west of the major states and if laid on top of the other states, would cover about two-thirds of the land. And for a state that is so large, it is surely simply thought of as the coldest state.Alaska is much more then that, and has a lot of story behind just a land of snow and mountains. Alaska was discovered in 1741 by Russian settlers and had been colonized by them in 1784. With over 660 thousand neat miles, Alaska was surely a big find by the Russian settler Vitus Jonassen. Not much was done at the time with Alaska, for the living conditions were really around and treacherous. It likewisek about forty years for the rootage stoppages to come about in Alaska. Grigorii Shelikhov and his wife Natalia came to the Kodiak Islands along the coasts of Alaska and made a settlement along with hundreds of their kind.This was the first settlement of Alaska. From then on, settlers from Russia, Britain, the Spanish, and even American explorers and adventurers all settled in Alaska. Russia was going through financial issues and did not have sufficient funds for their country. In 1867 United States Secretary of State William H. Seward offered Russia $7,200,000, or two cents per acre, for Alaska (3). This was Sewards most pronounced achievement as Secretary of State, and kept the British from taking over Alaska.This brought much more land into the United States at an extremely cheap price of 7. 2 million dollars. This buy increased the value of America as a whole and offered many more revenues and resources. There were resources such as the huge line of seafood and fishing. Most of the seafood at the time and currently for America is brought out from the waters that surround Alaska. Most of Alaska was not explored during the time of purchase and the full benefit of Alaska was not known. After many years of exploring and the tate becoming close to what it is today, there was a discovery of oil in 1968 and this would, have the most recoverable oil of any field in the United States (5). After such a find, the purchase of Alaska seemed like an amazing idea, even though Seward had no idea at the time of purchase. In 1977, a pipeline for the oil recovery was laid down, and is now able to draw over eighty thousand barrels within only one hour, and the pipeline runs eight hundred-eighty miles from the top of Alaska to the bottom, going straight thru in the main the middle of the state.Even though America was bought off of Russia back in 1867, it was not a state instantly. In fact, it wasnt even close. The population was far to upset for it to become a state and al so needed proper governing to be taken into consideration of being a state, worried that Alaskas population was too sparse, distant, and isolatedtoo unstable for it to be a worthwhile addition to the United States (5). Under president Eisenhower, Alaska was signed on as a state by the Alaska Statehood Act on July 7th, 1958.Overall, Alaska has brought many new and useful resources into America since it was bought and turned out to be more then just a pretty place, but a place with plenty to offer. From food, to oil, Alaska has proved to the United States that it has helped tons with the nations economy.Works Cited 1. ) Library of Congress. Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska LOC. 4 August 2010. Web 16 Sept. 2010.http//www. loc. gov/rr/ program/bib/ourdocs/Alaska. html2. ) Americas Library. Purchase of Alaska March 30, 1867 Americas Stories. 9 July 2004. Web 16 Sept. 2010. http//www. americaslibrary. gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_alaska_1. html3. ) 50 States. com. Alaska Facts and Trivia 2010. Web 24 Sept. 2010. http//www. 50states. com/facts/alaska. htm4. ) Thinkquest. The first Settlement in Alaska Web 26 Sept. 2010 http//library. thinkquest. org/22550/1784. html5. ) Wikipedia. Oil discovery, ANSCA, and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline 25 September 2010. Web 25 Sept. 2010. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Alaska

The Rise of the West and the Western Dominated Economy: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Much of Africa followed its own lines of development between the beginning of the fifteenth and ordinal centuries. The rise of the watt and the west contendd-dominated economy, however, was a powerful force in influencing the course of African history. The Atlantic slave shift predominated in economic affairs after the middle of the seventeenth degree centigrade. The forced removal of Africans had a major effect in some African regions and was a primary factor contributing to the nature of New realism populations. African culture became one of the important strands in the development of American civilizations.Despite the rise of the West and the slave trade, nearly all of Africa remained politically self-sufficing and culturally autonomous. Among the important trends, Islam consolidated its position in sub-Saharan and East Africa, trance in legion(predicate) a(prenominal) move of Africa, independent states formed and expanded. The Atlantic slave Trade. The Portuguese ina ugurated the pattern for contacts along the African coast. They established trading forts (factories) the most important, El Mina, received gold from the interior. Most forts were established with the approval of African regimen desiring trade bene leads.Some of the forts allowed trade to interior states. Portuguese and Afro-Portuguese traders (lancados) followed routes to the interior to open new markets. Missionary efforts followed, particularly to the powerful states of Benin and the Kongo. King Nzinga Mvemba of the Kongo accepted Christianity and, with Portuguese assistance, seek to introduce European influences to his state. The ravages of the slave trade were a major reason for the limited success of the policies. Africa, in general, tried to fit the European concepts they found utilizable into their belief structures.The Europeans regarded Africans as pagan savages who could adopt civilized behavior and convert to Christianity. The Portuguese continued their southward vent ures, in the 1570s establishing Luanda on the Angolan coast among the Mbundu. In the Indian Ocean, they established bases on Mozambique Island and other towns in an effort to avow the gold trade coming from Monomotapa. On both coasts, few Portuguese colonised permanently. Other Europeans followed Portuguese patterns by creating trading stations through agreement with Africans. In almost all instances, slavery eventually became the champion focus of relationships.Added pulsation came from the development of sugar plantations on Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic islands and their subsequent extension to the Americas. Trend Toward Expansion. Between 1450 and 1850, about 12 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic about 10 or 11 million arrived alive. A number equal to one third of those shipped might have died in the initial rapacious or march to the coast. The volume of the trade increased from the sixteenth to the ordinal centuries, with 80% of the total coming in the lat ter century. Brazil received much than 40% of all slaves reaching the Americas.The continued high volume was necessary because of high slave death rate and low fertility. Only in the southern linked States did slaves have a positive growth rate. Other slave tradestrans-Saharan, Red Sea, and East Africanunder Muslim control, added another 3 million individuals to the total. demographic Patterns. The Saharan slave trade to the Islamic world carried mostly women for sexual and domestic employment. The Atlantic trade concentrated on young men fit for hard labor in the Americas. African societies who sold slaves might keep women and children for their own uses.The Atlantic trade had an important demographic effect on parts of western and central Africa the population there in 1850 might have been one half of what it would have been without the trade. The women and children not exported skewed the balance of the sexes in African-enslaving societies. The opening of American crops, such as maize and manioc, helped suffering regions to recover from population losses. Organization of the Trade. Control over the slave trade reflected the European political situation. Until 1630, the Portuguese were the principal suppliers.The Dutch became major competitors after they seized El Mina in 1630. By the 1660s, the position worked to supply their plantation colonies. The French became major carriers in the eighteenth century. Each nation established forts for receiving slaves. Tropical diseases caused both resident Europeans and the crews of slave-carrying ships high mortality rates. The Europeans dealt with local rulers, calculating value in currencies composed of iron bars, look rings, and cowry shells. The Spanish had a system in which a healthy man was considered a standard unit called an Indies piece. break ones backs arrived at the coast as a result of warfare and of purchase and movement by indigenous traders. Dahomey had a royal monopoly on slave flow. There have been arguments about the profitability of the slave trade. It has been suggested that its profits were a key element for the rise of commercial capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. Individual voyages certainly did bring profits to merchants and specializing ports. But considerable risks were involved. English profitability in the late eighteenth century was about 5% to 10%, about equal to other commercial ventures.The full economic grandness is difficult to determine because of its direct links to the plantation and mining economies of the Americas. Goods were exchanged among Europe, Africa, and the Americas in complex patterns. The slave trade surely contributed to emerging Atlantic capitalism, while at the same time making African economies dependent on European trade and linked to the world economy. African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade. The Atlantic trade transformed African patterns of slavery. Africans had developed many forms of servitude in their nonegalitari an societies.With land controlled by the state, slaves were an important way for individuals and lineages to gain wealth and status. Slaves held many occupations. Their treatment ranged from the relatively benign, when they were integrated into kinship systems, to severe economic and social exploitation, when ruling hierarchies exercised power. The Atlantic trade opened new opportunities to slave-holding societies for elaborateness and intensification of slavery. Enslavement of women was central to African society. The Sudanic states had introduced Islamic concepts of slavery.The foundation of slavery allowed Europeans to mobilize commerce in slaves by tapping existing structures with the assistance of interested African rulers. Slaving and African Politics. Most of the states of western and central Africa were small and unstable. The continuing wars elevated the importance of the military and promoted the slave trade. Increasing centralization and hierarchy developed in the ens laving societies those attacked reacted by augmenting self-sufficiency and antiauthoritarn ideas. A result of the presence of the Europeans along the western coast was a shift of the locus of African power.Inland states close to the coast, and thus let loose from direct European influence, through access to Western firearms and other goods, became intermediaries in the trade and expanded their influence. Asante and Dahomey. Among the important states developing during the slave trade era was the empire of Asante among the Akan people. Centered on Kumasi, Asante was between the coast and the midland Hausa and Mande trading regions. Under the Oyoko clan, the Asante gained access to firearms after 1650 and began centralizing and expanding. Osei Tutu became the asantehene, the supreme civil and military leader, of the Akan clans.By 1700, the Dutch along the coast were dealing immediately with the new power. Through control of gold-producing regions and slaves, Asante remained dominan t in the Gold Coast until the 1820s. In the Bight of Benin, the state of Benin was at the height of its power when Europeans arrived. The ruler for a long period controlled the trade with Europeans slaves never were a primary commodity. The kingdom of Dahomey among the Fon peoples had a different response to the Europeans. It emerged around Abomey in the seventeenth century by the 1720s, access to firearms led to the formation of an autocratic regime based on trading slaves.Under Agaja (1708-1740), Dahomey expanded to the coast, seizing the port of Whydah. The state maintained its policies into the nineteenth century. Too much emphasis on the slave trade obscures creative processes occurring in many African states. The growing divine effectiveness of rulers paralleled the rise of monocracy in Europe. New political forms emerged that limited the power of some monarchs. In the Yoruba state of Oyo, a council and king shared authority. Art, crafts, weaving, and wood carving flourishe d in many regions. Benin and the Yoruba states created remarkable wood and ivory sculptures.East Africa and the Sudan. On Africas east coast, the Swahili trading towns continued a commerce of ivory, gold, and slaves for Middle Eastern markets. A few slaves went to European plantation colonies. On Zanzibar and other islands, Arabs, Indians, and Swahili produced cloves with slave labor. In the interior, African peoples had created important states. Migrants from the upper Nile valley moved into Uganda and Kenya, where they mixed with Bantu-speaking inhabitants. Strong monarchies developed in Bunyoro and Buganda. In western Africa, in the northern savanna, the process ofIslamization entered a new phase linking it with the external slave trade and the growth of slavery. Songhay broke up in the sixteenth century and was succeeded by new states. The Bambara of Segu were pagan the Hausa states of northern Nigeria were ruled by Muslims, although most of the population followed African relig ions. Beginning in the 1770s, Muslim enlighten movements swept the western Sudan. In 1804, Uthman Dan Fodio, a Fulani Muslim, inspired a religious revolution that won control of most of the Hausa states. A new and powerful kingdom developed at Sokoto.The effects of Islamization were felt widely in the West African interior by the 1840s. Cultural and social change accelerated. Many war captives were dispatched to the coast or across the Sahara for the slave trade. The level of local slave labor also increased in agricultural and manufacturing enterprises. White Settlers and Africans in gray Africa. By the sixteenth century, Bantu-speaking peoples occupied the eastern regions of southern Africa. Drier western lands were left to the indigenous Khoikhoi and San. Migration, peaceful contacts, and war characterized the relations between the groups.The Bantu peoples practiced agriculture and herding, worked iron and copper, and traded with neighbors. Chiefdoms of various sizes, where lea ders ruled with popular support, were typical. New chiefdoms continually emerged, resulting in competition for land and political instability. In the Dutch colony at Cape Town, established in 1652, the settlers developed large estates worked by slaves. Colonial expansion led to successful wars against the San and Khoikhoi. By the 1760s, the Afrikaners crossed the chromatic River and met the Bantu. Competition and war over land resulted.Britain occupied the Dutch colony in 1795 and gained formal possession in 1815. British efforts to limit Afrikaner expansion were unsuccessful, and frequent fighting occurred between the Afrikaners and Africans. Some Afrikaners, seeking to escape British control, migrated beyond colonial boundaries and founded autonomous states. The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise to Power. By 1818, a new leader, Shaka, gained authority among the Nguni people. He created a formidable military force of regiments organized on lineage and age lines. Shakas Zulu chiefdom becam e the center of a new political and military presidency that absorbed or estroyed rivals. Shaka was assassinated in 1828, but his successors ruled over a still-growing polity. The rise of the Zulu and other Nguni chiefdoms marked the beginning of the Mfecane, a time of wars and wandering. frustrated peoples fled into new regions and created new statesamong them the Swazi and Lesothoby using Zulu tactics. The Afrikaners superior firepower enabled them to hold their lands. The Zulus remained powerful until defeated during the 1870s by the British. The basic patterns of conflict between Europeans and Africans took form during this era.In Depth Slavery and Human Society. Slavery has existed in both complex and simpler societies from the earliest times. Coerced labor took different forms indentured servants, convict laborers, debt peons, chattel slaves. The denial of control over an individuals labor was the essential characteristic of slavery systems. It was easier to enslave people o utside ones own society, to exploit differences in culture, language, and saturation. The attitude of Europeans and non-African Muslims thus contributed to the development of modern racism.The campaign against slavery that grew from Enlightenment ideas was an important turning point in world history. Slavery has persisted in a few societies until the present, but few individuals openly defend the institution. African slavery was important in shaping the modern world. It was one of the early international trades, and it aided the development of capitalism. Vociferous debate continues about many interpretations of the effect of the trade on African and American societies. The African Diaspora. In the Americas, slaves came in large adequate numbers to become an important segment of the New initiation population.African cultures adapted to their new physical and social environments. The slave trade linked Africa and the Americas it was the principal way in which African societies jo ined the world economy. Africans participating in the commerce dealt effectively with the new conditions, using the wealth and knowledge gained to the advantage of their states. Slave Lives. The slave trade killed millions of Africans family and community relationships were destroyed. As many as one third of captives may have died on their way to shipping ports shipboard mortality reached about 8%. The trauma of the Middle Passage, however, did not strip Africans of their culture, and they interjected it into the New World. Africans in the Americas. African slaves crossed the Atlantic to work in New World plantations and mines. The plantation system developed on Atlantic islands was transferred to the Americas. Africans quickly replaced Indians and indentured Europeans as agricultural laborers. Slaves also mined gold and silver and labored in many urban occupations. In early seventeenth-century Lima, Africans outnumbered Europeans. American Slave Societies.In all American slave soci eties, a rough social hierarchy developed. Whites were at the top, slaves at the bottom. Free people of color were in-between. Among the slaves, owners created a hierarchy based on origin and color. Despite the many pressures, slaves retained their own social perceptions many slave rebellions were organized on ethnic and political lines. Slave-based societies varied in composition. Africans formed the overwhelming majority of the population on Caribbean islands high mortality ensured a large number of African-born individuals. Brazil had a more diverse population.Many slaves were freed, and miscegenation was common. Slaves made up 35% of the population free people of color were equal in number. The southern British North American colonies differed in that a positive growth rate among slaves lessened the need for continuing imports. Manumission was uncommon, and free people of color were under 10% of Afro-American numbers. Thus, slavery was less influenced by African ways. The People and Gods in Exile. Africans worked under extremely harsh conditions. The lesser numbers of women brought to the New World limited opportunities for family life.When a family was present, its continuance depended on the decisions of the owner. Despite the difficulties, most slaves lived in family units. Many aspects of African culture survived, especially when a region had many slaves from one African grouping. African culture was dynamic and creative, incorporating customs that assisted survival from different African ethnicities or from their masters. Religion demonstrates this theme. African beliefs mixed with Christianity, or survived independently. Haitian vodun is a good example of the latter.Muslim Africans tried to hold their beliefs in 1835, a major slave rising in Brazil was organized by Muslim Yoruba and Hausa. Resistance to slavery was a common occurrence. Slaves ran away and formed lasting independent communities in seventeenth-century Brazil, Palmares, a jamboree slav e state under Angolan leadership, had a population of 10,000. In Suriname, runaway slaves formed a still-existing community with a culture fusing West African, Indian, and European elements. The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery. The influences causing the end of the slave trade and slavery were external to Africa.The continued flourishing of slave-based economies in Africa and the Americas makes it difficult to get along with economic self-interest as a reason for ending the slave trade. Africans had commercial alternatives, but they did not affect the supply of slaves. Enlightenment thinkers during the eighteenth century condemned slavery and the slave trade as immoral and cruel. The abolitionist movement gained strength in England and won abolition of the slave trade for Britons in 1807. The British pressured other nations to follow course, although the final end of New World slavery did not occur until Brazilian abolition in 1888.