Energy Crisis in Pakistan

Energy is the bloodline of a country’s economy. A continuous and sufficient energy `supply can ensure a healthy and progressive economy. Pakistan is unfortunate to face severe energy crisis in recent years. The parting gap between demand and supply is mounting with every year and it is pushing the country into dark ages. Worst part of this menace is the fact the installed capacity of electricity can not only fulfill the energy demand but can also produce surplus amounts of energy. The highest peaks of energy demand are up to 14000 to 14,500 MW and the power generation capacity is 19.500MW.Hence the problem is an outcome of the absence of any viable solutions to add energy to the national grid. The pertaining factors which caused such an intense situation are expensive means of energy production, transmission line losses, lack of infrastructure, circular debts and electricity theft. In addition to that the economy is sinking like rock due to the quagmire of scarcity of power. I t had serious implications on business activity and country faces a shutdown of industry, drain of capital, unemployment and no foreign direct investment.The falling economy took the crutches of foreign debts which caused soaring high amounts of utility bills. Now a days electricity situation is worst and country is challenged by an immense power blackout. The failure of the government to secure sustainable, dedicated and affordable energy supplies has resulted in closure of hundreds of units. It created an outcry in industrial community. It is high time to rectify the mistakes of past and implement long term and short term energy projects to fulfill the future day need of power.

Underground and Sublime: How the Subterranean Context of a City Embodies a Unique Spatial Experience

Underground and sublime â€Å"The high gained from such subterraneous geographic expedition is so bally intense, there’s no demand for a goblet in this wonderland. Unequalled by anything on the surface degree, the bowls of the metropolis are a sight behold.† ( Graphotism, 1999 ) Modern infinite, in context of the metropolis and the experience of a metropolis inhabitant, has been reduced to a generalised position that can be described as ‘verticality’ . Gaston Bachelard ( 1969 ) presents his theory on verticalness through the mutual opposition of the basement and the loft, which in bend brings unequivocal penetrations into the really different phenomenological waies the imaginativeness perceives ; the House in our eyes is a concentrated building, constructed with upward impulse. It becomes an independent volume which provides us with a psychologically concrete nature. But within the house, infinite is opposed by the reason of the Attic and the unreason of the basement. If the House serves as a metaphor for a City, the rules are the same in that the Attic is representative of the rational attack taken to urban spacial design. Henri Lefebvre remarks in his book The Production of Space, â€Å"Verticality, and the independency of volumes with regard to the original land and it’s distinctive features, are, exactly, produced† . Equally long as we adhere to Verticality being the cardinal axis of the urban environment, our eyes lift above the immediate specificity of district on which it is built, ensuing in a homogeneous built environment, therefore an abstraction of world. The basement on the other manus, in the instance ‘The Underground’ , is perceived as a lost dimension, one which is defined by abstraction, but Bachelard points out that the phenomenology of populating a ‘cellar’ infinite places the dweller in a harmonious province with subterraneous forces and the unreason of digging. The position of a metropolis inhabitant on their immediate environment, one time populating an belowground infinite, is returned and further deepened, to the point that the imaginativeness is limitless within the foremost ‘dark entity’ . The essay will research what, why and how the subterraneous context of a metropolis embodies a alone spacial experience through an question into the Sublime. The relation of Sublime theory to civic substructure embedded in the metropolis resistance will supply the evidences to oppugn whether the thoughts of the Sublime are relevant, particularly in the instance of infinite designed without architectural theoretical purposes. Can infinite be more strictly empyreal if it isn’t deliberately designed to be empyreal? What â€Å"Whatever is fitted in any kind to excite the thoughts of hurting, and danger, that is to state, whatever is in any kind awful, or is familiar about awful objects or operates in a mode correspondent to terror is a beginning of the sublime ; that is, it is productive of the strongest emotion the head is capable of feeling.† ( Burke, 1990 ) Bachelard ( 1969 ) uses a short narration to explicate his theory on how belowground infinite ab initio induces a sense of fright in the topic provided by C G Jung in his book Modern Man in hunt of a Soul. â€Å" Here the witting Acts of the Apostless like a adult male who, hearing a leery noise in the basement, hastes to the Attic and, happening no burglars at that place decides, accordingly, that the noise was pure imaginativeness. In world, this prudent adult male did non make bold venture into the cellar.† The Underground is depicted as the more awful in the comparing of elevated infinite and subterraneous infinite due to the degrees of witting idea used to apologize fright. In which, brings us to a cardinal trait of the Sublime. Fear is an apprehensiveness of hurting or decease, therefore rendering the organic structure nullified of its powers of moving and concluding when subjected enter the resistance. ( Burke, 1990 ) Yet this poses a paradox when we consider different scenarios that involve the rite of come ining an belowground infinite. In some occasions, for case during wartime, adult male seeks the protection of the resistance to avoid hurting or decease. The sand trap outlook takes a figure of distinguishable signifiers, from which it is deserving noticing on their deficiency of basic design considerations including comfort, airing and visible radiation. This natural disposition towards subterranean brooding roots from the earliest signifier of shelter for adult male, the cave, and yet even now the design of belowground sand traps isn’t clearly different from a of course happening cave, proposing that we besides portion a sense of security alongside fright. There is besides the passion of wonder, even though it is the simplest of our passions, which can overmaster our frights and coerce us to follow the way to find. â€Å"When danger or strivings press excessively early, they are incapable of giving any delectation, and are merely awful ; but at certain distances, and with certain alterations, they may be, and they are delightful† . ( Burke, 1990 ) In kernel, it is the thoughts of hurting that are much more powerful than pleasance, therefore the thoughts of the empyreal emerge through awful experience, but necessarily our brushs result in pleasance. The journey undertaken by human existences with the wonder to dig deep into the unknown, the stairss taken to make a finish, particularly into deepnesss of the belowground apart from any above land spacial experience as the topic is confined from all about. A longing for the safety of the surface indicates feelings of anxiousness and claustrophobia, which could hold desperate effects, but it is precisely this fright that accordingly produces the extreme highs which will ever be attractive to the topic. ( Carlyle, 2000 ) Why â€Å"Adjusting to the extremes of silence and deafening noise, bright corridors and flip black stairwells and basically developing an confidant cognition of a labyrinthine system in which were one time ignored [ go ] gaps to underground frontiers.† ( Carlyle, 2000 ) The rite of traveling belowground entirely is empyreal ; as we descend into darkness our senses are aroused, awakened and heightened. Our attending to minute inside informations is increased within a confined infinite, like the sound of a rat scurrying along the tracks of the London Underground ; the physical boundaries are existent, seting the senses under unbelievable emphasis, go forthing the imaginativeness to widen into the overpowering darkness bring oning a strong sense of fright over normally undistinguished events. †When we know the full extent of any danger, when we accustom our eyes to it, a great trade of the apprehensiveness vanishes.† ( Burke, 1990 ) These all being corollaries of our human nature, we are nonvoluntary to these effects which in all facets are linked to Sublime Theory. Edmund Burke in his book A Philosophic Enquiry into the Beginning of our Ideas on the Sublime and the Beautiful, the distinctive features of the sublime are set out in parts and subdivision clear uping the theory of our passions and their genuine sourced. In relation to architecture, he supplies concise direction and review of the nature of empyreal infinite, but it is the direct personal experience and feelings he describes, the beginning of the sublime, which I endeavor to compare with the phenomenology of Underground infinite. â€Å"Stepping outside our prearranged traffic forms and established finishs, we find a metropolis laced with liminality, with border districts cutting across its bosom and making into its sky. We find a 1000 disappearing points, each unique, each alive, each pregnant with wealths and admirations and time.† ( Cook, 2009 ) Modernity has brought a huge clandestine underworld into metropolis degrees, cluttered with wrestling conveyance tunnels, telecommunication lines, the mail rail, sand traps and vaults. All of which are excavated from the Earth, falling into darkness, off from any beginning of natural visible radiation, which incurs that all light is unnaturally substituted. Shadows engulf infinite, making these disappearing points that Michael Cook, an urban adventurer who runs the website Vanishing Point, talks about in Geoff Manaugh’s The BLDG BLOG Book. The vanishing point besides refers to a point of eternity, which in Sublime footings refers to a delicious horror. Upon looking down a conveyance tunnel, in belowground civic architecture, there is no light lighting the terminal, there is merely darkness, which presents the pheonomenon of eternity, therefore our imaginativeness is free to widen to our panic, or pleasance. Ideas are able to reiterate in our head about boundlessly, like  "if you hold up a consecutive pole, with your oculus to one terminal, it will look extended to a length about incredible.† ( Burke, 1990 ) So even though the existent dimensions of an belowground tunnel make a sense of claustrophobia, they besides comprehend enormousness in the head of the object, non merely through the semblance of eternity but besides the cognition of the labyrinthine system that they inhabit. At this point, the entryway and the flight seem inexplicable, but the consequence of eternity on the imaginativeness switches hurting to pleasance. Greatness of the dimension has a powerful impact on the sublime, particularly in consideration to architecture. But it can be perceived in many ways, much of them opposing. For illustration Norberg-Schulz in his book Genius Loci describes â€Å"The Mountain, therefore, belongs to the Earth, but it rises toward the sky. It is ‘high’ , it is close to heaven† , and the cosmic relation it has in connexion Eden and Earth, connoting that the monumental graduated table of a mountain making out to the Eden is genuinely empyreal. On the other terminal of the spectrum, Burke explains the degree of minuteness’ mentioning to such things as the ‘infinite divisibility of matter’ . We are every bit confounded by smallness as enormousness. Although in footings of belowground infinite, illustriousness of dimension has its most dramatic consequence through alternate significances. Vastness of extent, in footings of length, tallness and deepness in peculiar, exaggerate perceptual experiences of the sheer measure of such infinites, even though we can non see them, which has a profound consequence on the head. Once we explore them for ourselves our civic agreeableness map are made tangible, and we know that, â€Å"Every clip we turn on the pat, draw the concatenation, pick up the telephone, there is an belowground motion ; a gurgle of H2O, an impulse along a wire.† ( Trench & A ; Hillman, 1985 ) As the beds are peeled away the venas of the metropolis are revealed, seting the belowground kingdom on a graduated table similar to the starry heavens in its impressiveness. ‘The great profuseness of things which are splendid’ , creates the widespread vision of the sublime. ( Burke, 1990 ) The most surpassing property to Underground infinite is darkness. Darkness being the most productive of the sublime, and the Underground being unable to tackle the power of the Sun, it descends into a fearful province overwhelmed by darkness. The theory of the empyreal stresses the importance that when you enter a edifice, to do objects most dramatic, they should be every bit different as possible to the object we have been most familiar with, which implies that our ocular variety meats must be put under the most stress to heighten our perceptual experiences of the sublime. ( Burke, 1990 ) This can be farther assisted by the nature of shadows which bring a degree of obscureness into drama. Burke uses characters of fright in human existences ; â€Å"how greatly dark adds to our apprehension, in all instances of danger, and how much the impressions of shades and hobs, of which none can organize clear thoughts, affect heads, which gave recognition to the popular narratives refering such kinds of beings.† Shadows reinstate the feeling of presence, but in a confined infinite lucidity is scarce and they become abstracted in the oculus of the topic, instantly striking panic in their bosom. ( Burke, 1990 ) Other than this type of visible radiation that may make a sublime atmosphere, the antonym of darkness, that is light that obliterates all objects through its pure appendage, will hold the same consequence as complete darkness. An illustration of this is a bolt of Lightning. It moves with such quickness and brightness, that our senses are overcome. Therefore, upon come ining a infinite a speedy passage from visible radiation to darkness or frailty versa, recreates this consequence in an atmospheric environment. ( Burke, 1990 ) Apart from the effects visible radiation has on the oculus of the topic, it is the combination of vision and sound which achieves the highest grade of the sublime, and is relevant to the design of tunnels. A tunnel is constructed by uninterrupted repeat which sight perceives as one point multiplied to eternity. â€Å"The oculus vibrating in all its parts must near near to the nature of what causes hurting, and accordingly must bring forth an thought of the sublime.† This is besides relevant to the sound of the Underground. Within the confines of all environing solid stuff walls, sound reverberates around the infinite, garnering impulse and arrives at the topic with inordinate volume, which has the ability to overmaster the psyche, suspending it in action and to make full it with panic. ( Burke, 1990 ) How â€Å"The tree drawn on the land by their shadows made the most profound feeling on me. This image grew in my imaginativeness. I so saw everything that was the most drab in nature. What did I see? The mass if objects detached in black against a visible radiation of utmost pallor.† ( Vidler, 1992 ) Modern architecture, particularly in the attack to belowground architecture, has often attempted to free itself of the threatening darkness which is so imperative to the theory of the sublime and voluminous in the nature of belowground infinite. This is due to a modernist theory led by Le Corbusier in the 20th century, which takes a stance on urban design as a corporate. Dark seemed to be a parasite to architecture and it was thought that transparence would â€Å"eradicate the sphere of myth, intuition, dictatorship and above all irrationality.† Architects concentrated on opening up metropoliss to circulation, visible radiation and air, labeling the profession as the ‘light-bringers’ when it came to planing belowground infinite in peculiar. ( Vidler, 1992 ) A specific illustration of this modernist theory being apparent in current architectural pattern is the Canary Wharf London Underground Station by Foster+Partners. Which I will compare with another modern-day resistance station, the Westminster Extension by Michael Hopkins to underground infinite taken with mention to sublimate theory. Canary Wharf London Underground Station is by far the largest station to be built in the recent Jubilee Line Extension act due to the context it uses, that being the former West India dock, therefore it benefits from the handiness of infinite. The sheer size of the infinite advocates illustriousness of dimension, yet its horizontal proportions don’t comply with empyreal theory. The edifice boasts its length bing to the tallness of the Canary Wharf Tower to Burke ( 1990 ) â€Å"an hundred paces of even land will ne'er work such an consequence as a tower an 100s paces tall.† Although the uniformity to plan, with equal proportions and design based on insistent entities, enhances the subject’s experience of enormousness within infinite. It besides shows similarities with the architecture of Gothic Cathedrals in that the technology on show is evocative of the winging buttress. In the survey of visible radiation and design inside informations, the station doesn’t seem to encompass any facets of natural belowground infinite by throw outing darkness from every cranny in the design. First of wholly, the chief focal point comprises of 3 swelling glass canopies whose premier map is to pull daylight deep into the infinite. But the dimensions of the infinite prevent these from holding a important consequence all twenty-four hours long, therefore the acceptance of bright unreal lighting reduces any transitional effects between the exterior and interior to about nil. In comparing, the station at Westminster begins with a significant descent into the deepnesss of the resistance, which has a ritualistic journey reminiscent of falling into a immense cavern. The difference here is in the dimensions of the infinite which is of verticalness, about falling off from street degree, past the subterraneous substructure, into the shadows of the underworld. This is augmented by the honestness of its building which contributes to the dramatic ambiance through sheer hardiness of technology. The unreal lighting used has been smartly situated in order to move functionally and atmospherically. The visible radiations act like a beacon that directs riders out of the station, as if they are returning to the daytime of street degree, but they besides create an astonishing atmosphere by projecting infinite consists of criss-crossing stations and beams between the falling shafts, which catch the visible radiation in apposition, which besides conflicts with the framing o f a bird-eye position on the station floor. Percepts of the infinite are improbably phenomenological, prosecuting the topic with the architecture and successfully switching the position from street degree to the resistance. In my sentiment the rules in which Michael Hopkins Architects have based their architecture upon, to a great extent implement the theories of the sublime into a rationalized design tantrum to function as a functional infinite, but besides an improbably atmospheric experience for the topic. On the contrary, Foster+ Partners’ attack to belowground infinite tantrums in with the to the full rational attack of modernist theory, which alternatively of tackling the qualities of visible radiation and rites that go in tandem with the experience of the resistance, transparence has claimed its triumph. Thereby, through an extended concurrence between empyreal theory and belowground infinite, in peculiar the civic architecture of metropolis degrees, many differentiations have been made that nexus empyreal theory to infinites that we have discussed, doing it enormously relevant. What distinguishes the infinites I have talked about from Architecture is its irrational nature in the fact that Earth is excavated to make a functional infinite. There is no seeable form to take into history when noticing on aesthetics of belowground infinite as one is surrounded by Earth. But it is exactly this that makes the irrational infinite of resistance more strictly empyreal than Architecture that tries to animate what irrational infinite has. Even though Westminster station applies much detailing with purpose to work empyreal traits, it will ne'er transgress the threshold, due merely to the fact that the rational procedure designers apply to plan, retreats from organic idea. The design of civic comf ortss is apparently free from rational idea because there is no demand to take the human experience into consideration. Therefore, it may stand as its ain separate entity, suspended in the resistance, beautiful because it has been designed to be beautiful.

Birth Control Essay Example for Free (#2)

Birth Control Essay Birth control is a way or method used to prevent pregnancy. There are different kinds of methods of birth control that can be used by man and woman. All of these methods have positive effects or sides. The pros of birth control are the following: (1) lessen the possibility of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods â€Å"); (2) it is helpful in preventing pregnancy, but the degree of the effectiveness of the birth control method depends on the type of method that is being used by the couple (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods â€Å"); (3) allows active participation of men in the prevention of pregnancy (when using condom or withdrawal method) (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods â€Å"); (4) it helps regulate the menstrual cycle of a woman; (5) it lessens the pain and difficulty of having a menstruation (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods â€Å"); (6) prevents or lessen the possibility of having uterine and ovarian cancer, anemia, ovarian cyst and pelvic inflammatory disease (â€Å"Pros and Cons of Different Contraceptive Methods â€Å"). There are also some other pros of birth control method but it depends on the method that the couple is using (â€Å"Birth Control Pill Faq: Benefits, Risks and Choices†). There are many types of birth control. The following are the types of birth control that is being used: (a) male condoms which are also called as barrier because it blocks the sperm cells from getting near or into the egg cells; (b) oral contraceptives or birth control pills prevent the ovary from releasing eggs; (c) female condom is also called as a barrier because it prevents or blocks the sperm cells from reaching the egg cells; (d) Depo-Provera hormonal injections is a type of birth control that uses hormone progestin. Continuous injection of this for more than two years has an adverse effect on woman; (e) spermicides; (f) contraceptive sponges is also a barrier type of birth control. Although using this type of birth control would still have a risk of having a toxic syndrome. Woman that are very sensitive to spermicide nonoxynol-9 are not encourage to use this type of method; (g) diaphragm and cervical caps also blocks the sperm cells going inside the cervix. This type of method needs the assistance of the doctor for proper usage and fitting of the cervical cap or diaphragm; (h) intra – uterine devices is used and placed inside the uterus to prevent the sperm cells from entering it and reaching the egg cells; (i) surgical sterilization or tubal ligation is a permanent birth control that needs a surgical process; (j) periodic abstinence or natural family planning. In this type of birth control, the woman should have the knowledge about the fertility process so that this method would be successful (â€Å"Birth Control Methods â€Å"). There are some mild health risks related to the use of birth control methods. But there is also one severe health risk when using birth control method such as pills for a longer period of time like cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, cardiovascular accident or stroke, high blood pressure and other cardio related diseases (â€Å"Birth Control Methods†). Both man and woman are responsible in birth control planning. They have an active participation in the birth control method. Although their physician would prescribe a pill or appropriate birth control method, still the couple would be responsible to the possible outcome of that method. They are the one who can observe to the negative or positive effect of that particular method. When a serious or life threatening situation or death happens, the couple is more reliable than their physician. In choosing birth control method, couples or person that is going to use it must consider if (1) it will affect your health like if they have history of breast cancer, have high blood pressure, has low density of the bone, diabetes, sexually transmitted disease (STD), and heart disease; (2) those possible side effects of the method; (3) frequency of having sexual intercourse; (4) the benefits that the method can give; (5) the quality of that certain drug or method in birth control; and (6) the possible outcome if ever the couple decided to have a child (â€Å"Birth Control Guide†). Shop Lifting Shop lifting is very common especially on malls and convenient stores. People shop lift because they need that particular thing or that they can’t afford to buy the things they wanted to (â€Å"Teenagers Shop Lifting†). Some shop lifters that has the money to buy things thinks that shop lifting gives them the adrenalin rush or thrill that cannot be caught, they think that what they have stolen is not important and they also think that they are not stealing because the owner or the store can afford to buy that again or the store is insured (â€Å"Teenagers Shop Lifting†). In some cases, people shop lifts especially students because of peer pressure. Shop lifters always carry a small bag or large jacket with a large pocket or umbrella (â€Å"Preventing Shoplifting†). Those things can be use to shop lift. Store management or staff should also be aware and alarm when a person puts down their bag because they may place the thing they get simply by dropping it into the bag (â€Å"Preventing Shoplifting†). There are also times that shop lifters are into a group (â€Å"Preventing Shoplifting†). Some of them will distract the attention of the staff while the others do the crime. Shop lifters can be seen mostly in malls that are crowded and convenient stores. The similarities of these two places are that they have a big space and do not have enough staff that would assist and guard the clients or buyers. Those shop lifters know that in places were there’s enough employee to assist and guard them, they won’t be able to the deed because there’s a big chance of getting caught while in malls and convenient store, they can easily place the things they get and hide it in their bags or clothes without being notice by the employees. Shop lifting is a crime that can be categorize as light. In some states, the fine depends on the amount that the shop lifter stolen while the jail time depends on the repetition of the incident (Zukowski). The penalty or fine ranges from 40 to 1000 dollars and the jail time is only 30 days up to 6 months (Zukowski). The society and justice system give the offenders a second chance to correct their action. If they are going to repeat their action, they will be punished again with a higher penalty and possible longer jail time. Compiling an Annotated Bibliography ? â€Å"Birth Control Guide† Ed. US Department of Health and Human Services: FDA Consumer Magazine, 2003. This article focuses on different approved birth control methods. It also provides information about the different types of birth control method and also the severe health risk that may be obtain from the prolonged use of contraceptive pills. ? â€Å"Birth Control Methods†. 2005. Planned Parenthood of Connecticut. June 27 2007. http://www. ppct. org/medical/services/bc_method. shtml. This article talks about different birth control methods. It also provides knowledge about pros and cons of different types of birth control method especially tubal sterilization. ? â€Å"Birth Control Methods† Ed. Us Department of Health and Human Services: National Women’s Health Information Center, 2005. This article provides birth control methods that can be use. It also provides knowledge on what they should take into consider when choosing a birth control method. ? â€Å"Teenage Shop Lifting†. 2006. Indian child. com June 26 2007. http://www. indianchild. com/parenting/teenagers/teenagers_shop_lifting. htm. The article provides the reasons why teenagers try to steal and ways to handle and persuade them. ? â€Å"Birth Control†. 2007. Cool Nurse. June 25 2007. http://www. coolnurse. com/birthcontrol. htm. The article tackles about having safe sex with the use of birth control methods. This provides idea or knowledge about the effectives of each method and the reasons why it is not recommended for teenagers. ? â€Å"Preventing Shoplifting. † Namibian Police 2007. The Namibian Police Force carries out their duty by informing the public of the different crimes and ways how to handle that situation. They encourage the public to have an active participation in fighting the crime to maintain the peace and order in their place. ? â€Å"Birth Control Pill Faq: Benefits, Risks and Choices†. 2007. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. June 25 2007. . The staff focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of taking contraceptive pills. The staff also discusses other contributing factors that make birth control pills unsafe to use than any other birth control methods. Birth Control. (2016, Aug 09). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Religion - Essay Example er eight of the text, which discusses how a group of churches banded together to do social outreach projects in the city around them in 1996, after welfare reform measures were signed into law by President Clinton. It was feared that the changes would leave many of the poor and underprivileged without necessary services. One such group was known as â€Å"the Cluster.† Its members busied themselves in activities such as litter cleanup, literacy training, and vocational guidance. While their efforts did much good and provided a visible spiritual presence, the volunteers themselves actually minimized the degree to which they used religious terms to describe their work. As one passage relates: After eighteen months of Cluster meetings, I counted a total of five instances in which Cluster members affirmed a religious basis for action – in mostly jocular or indirect terms at that. In one instance, a member quipped that the Cluster needed to â€Å"act on the Christianity that comes out of our mouths.† It appeared to the researcher that, given the fact that the workers were people of faith, there should have been more verbal expressions of the spiritual ideals that supposedly motivated their good deeds. But instead such discussions were quite rare. They acted more in line with what could be expected of representatives from a secular agency such as the Lions Club or the Boy Scouts. This finding indicates that, as religious volunteers branch out into the areas surrounding their church buildings, they adopt more of a secular outlook on things in general, including the motives for their service projects. This same sort of effect was noted in the chapter that discussed how Evangelical Christians interpret and practice their beliefs about male –dominated households. The writer mentioned how such arrangements are often thought to be very hierarchical and paternalistic. The customary mental image is of a stern, controlling husband and father handing out orders

Effective communication in organization Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effective communication in organization - Article Example ional) communication is important to enhance good working relations in the organization which in turn translate to the achievement of the goals and objectives set. Organization capabilities are only achieved in an environment where healthy communication and relationship between individuals is enhanced. In the articles, the SMCR model is emphasized. The SMCR means that there should be a good channel (C) for the message (M) to move from the source (S) to the receiver (R). In an organization therefore, there will be all forms of communication which range from formal to informal. In formal communication, the leaders in the organization design/develop strategies to be used in achieving the objectives. They then construct relevant messages and then using correct channels, they relay it to the members in the organization. Communication will therefore play a significant role in this process. Employees on the other hand mainly communicate informally with each other enhancing their ties in the organization. Both forms are equally important. The evolution of communication is also highlighted in the article especially with the developments in technology playing a significant role in the progress. Organizational communication is significant in developing its culture which plays a major role in achievement of goals

DESERT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DESERT - Essay Example Deserts can be found across the world but the geographical areas are classified in four regions. The subtropics are the ones where most of the deserts around the world are found as these regions are immensely dry and their dryness is usually because of the circulation of hot and dry atmosphere. The second is the middle-latitude continental interiors which are arid regions and their aridity is mainly due to their far distances from the oceans. The deserts in these regions are cloudless and mostly have average temperatures of below-freezing in winters. The third is the leeward sides of mountains which covers the region of Southwest America. The clouds release the moisture on windward slopes of mountains, leaving dry air on the leeward side. The last are coastal areas where deserts are formed with the cold currents as they stabilize the air over the shore (Greenberger 132). The desert biome has many unique characteristics that make it different from rest of the biomes. The temperature at first is the most defining characteristic of a desert. The deserts are usually warm in the day as compared to nights but the differences of temperatures are very drastic. The average temperature at day time in a desert would be 100Â °F while at night it would be 25Â °F (Greenberger 133). This is a large temperature difference and it is because the moisture is very little in the desert air. Other unique characteristics are the lack of plantation and animal life in deserts. The plants which grow in deserts are unique such as the cactus which require low amount of water to survive. One of the major environmental problems in deserts is desertification which is an issue in the entire world. The main cause of desertification is humanly activities due to which desert areas are expanding. Some of the human activities that increase desertification are over farming, over grazing, poor irrigation systems, mining, and digging for search of fossil fuels (Greenberger 134). People who

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Discussion Question - Assignment Example It should focus on environmental constraints from an approach of cross-media. Environmental Protection Agency should start up a local management system which will better be able to deal with the issues of cross-media over the areas that are affected. Congress should build up and also fund an autonomous bureau of information on environment or data which will be peripheral to the Environmental Protection Agency which will review the environmental state and also give a profound insight into the media programs of Environmental Protection Agency. (EPA, 2012) The current policies of Environmental Protection Agency should be evaluated as well, mainly the policies concerning the scientific usage as it is a very critical issue for the company. Environmental Protection Agency should also think about the recruitment of a â€Å"czar† of science which will be a further implication to the organizational structure of Environmental Protection Agency so that the reliability upon science will be enhanced.

Seeking An MBA From The University Of Chicago Graduate School Of Essay

Seeking An MBA From The University Of Chicago Graduate School Of Business - Essay Example Although I have a highly technical background, I have competitively assumed the positions of a vendor, client and service provider. Despite the tough times I had while starting, I believe that my management skills have substantially helped me efficiently perform various tasks at hand and led me to where I am now. However, I often wonder how I would have played these roles if I had been equipped with a management degree. I always believe that one will be in much more confident if he/she has the necessary skills for any position before taking it. Bearing these in mind, here I am seeking admission into one of the best schools in the world, aiming to make a substantial contribution to the organization and further hone my skills for the years to come. Pondering upon my career history, I have come to realize that learning experientially is invaluable. Experience enhances critical thinking and propensity for self-direction in learning. The roles I have played are quite challenging for these stints are unique and demand a great deal of thought and hard work. As I have grown in the organization from a programmer to program manager to product manager, I have imbibed all aspects of product management.

Foreign Exchange Rates and Exchange Rate Risk Essay

Foreign Exchange Rates and Exchange Rate Risk - Essay Example The rates therefore are either determined through the market forces or by the central bank of the country to maintain and manage them at a reasonable level. It is also important to understand that when global firms deal in foreign exchange they also expose themselves to various risks. Every firm which deals in foreign currency therefore have to fact these risks and use different hedging methods. These methods vary depending upon the needs of the organization as well as the nature of the transaction. It is however, critical that each firm has to face these risks and must also manage them in order to avoid losses or reduce the risks and manage it at acceptable level. An exchange rate is the rate at which one currency is actually converted into another currency. It is also the value of currency of one country in terms of the value of the currency of another country. The value of two currencies is mostly determined in the open market in which many buyers and sellers actually determine the value based upon overall demand and supply of each currency. It is important to note that there are usually 2 types of exchange rates i.e. spot rates and forward exchange rates. Spot exchange rates are the rates which are offered on the spot for the buying and selling of any particular currency. However, forward exchange rates are determined for the currencies to be purchased or sold in given future date. When international organizations actually receive their payments in foreign currency, they contact foreign currency dealers to offer them either spot or forward rates. Foreign currency dealers however, always quote two different rates i.e. the rate at which the dealer will buy the currency and the rate at which he will sell the currency to the organization. The difference between the bid and ask price (buying and selling price) is considered as the

United States Foreign Policy after 1945 Essay Example for Free

United States Foreign Policy after 1945 Essay â€Å"President Clinton and I†¦ have spoken often about the goals of American foreign policy. Boiled down, these have not changed in more than 200 years. They are to ensure the continued security, prosperity, and freedom of our people. † (Albright 1998, p. 50-64) Thus were the words of then US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright back in 1998. Fast-forward to 2006 and we have President George W. Bush remarking on America as facing a ‘choice between the path of fear and the path of confidence. ’ The path of fear – isolationism and protectionism, retreat and retrenchment – appeals to those who find challenges too great, failing to see in them opportunities (Bush 2006). As Bush (2006) asserts, his administration has chosen the path of confidence, leadership over isolationism and the pursuit of free and fair trade and open markets over protectionism, consistent with the tradition of American policy. Founded on two pillars – promoting freedom, justice and human dignity, and confronting the challenges of our time by leading a growing community of democracies, the present national security strategy of the Bush administration maintains the primacy of expanding the national strength of the United States resting not merely on the strength of the military but on economic prosperity and a vibrant democracy as well. Yet Bush’s rather confrontational, militaristic approach as reflected in US foreign policy has been shown to have negative effects on America’s relations with its long-time allies, as well as in terms of projecting its image abroad in the somewhat turbulent arena of international relations, and ultimately casting doubts whether it is really in the national interest of the United States of America. The present paper aims to illustrate how this is so, through a discussion of US foreign policy emphasizing the critical aspects of national security, free trade, democracy, world peace and human rights. II. DISCUSSION National Security It is the recognized primary duty of the United States Government to ‘protect the American people and American interests, obligating the government to anticipate and counter threats using all resources of national power at its disposal, before these threats can do grave damage’ (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 18). Anticipatory action taken in self-defense is considered of primary importance, particularly in view of terrorist attacks withWMD. The US-led global War on Terror after the 10/11 terrorist attacks is considered by the US State as ‘both a battle of arms and a battle of ideas’ (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 9). It involves both the use of military force and other instruments of national power to capture and eliminate terrorists, deny them safe haven or control of any nation, prevent their access to WMD, and the cutting off of their sources of support. The US government shall employ a comprehensive strategy involving strengthened nonproliferation efforts, i. e. proactive counter-proliferation efforts to defend against and defeat WMD and missile threats before they are unleashed; and improved protection mitigating the consequences of WMD use (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 18). The proliferation of nuclear weapons is recognized as posing the greatest threat to US national security in their capacity to inflict instant loss of life on a massive scale. The strategy of choice is on denying terrorists and nuclear states access to the essential ingredient of fissile material and to deter any transfer of nuclear material from states having this capability to rogue states and terrorists. The 9/11 terror attacks proved the vulnerability of the United States, acclaimed lone superpower of the world, to terrorism. In a bid to safeguard national security, the Bush administration declared a global war on terror, which undoubtedly leaves many fears of retaliatory attacks from terror groups. It is important to note that the problem of terrorism is a thorny issue and a multi-faceted one, involving not merely differences in religion and ideology but poverty and social grievances, among others, which are recognized by the National Security Strategy. Free Trade The promotion of free and fair trade has long been a tenet of American foreign policy as greater economic freedom is viewed as ultimately inseparable from political liberty (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 25). Taking into consideration economic power as empowering individuals, which in turn leads to the demand for greater political freedom promoting greater economic opportunity and prosperity, the market economy is viewed as the single most effective economic system and the greatest antidote to poverty. The US promotes free and fair trade, open markets, a stable financial system, the integration of the global economy, and secure, clean energy development as the means towards economic liberty and prosperity. Economic freedom is viewed by the present administration as a ‘moral imperative,’ with the ‘liberty to create and build, buy, sell and own property fundamental to human nature and foundational to a free society’ (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 27). Economic freedom creates diversified centers of power and authority which places limits on the reach of governments, expanding the free flow of ideas, exposing people to new ways of thinking and living and ultimately giving more control over their own lives. Even as most of the world affirms the appeal of economic liberty, it is the view of the present government that too many nations still hold fast to the ‘false comforts of subsidies and trade barriers’ which stifles growth in developed countries (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 27). The US promotes the vision of a global economy welcoming to each and every nation-participant and encourages the voluntary exchange of goods and services. Issues on the establishment of a truly level playing field among developed and developing nations, the continuing significance and evolving roles of the post-World War multilateral institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund continue to haunt the rounds of free trade negotiations, serving as effective obstacles towards the full globalization and integration of free markets all over the world. Democracy It is the policy of the United States to seek and support democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 1). The avowed goal of US statecraft then is â€Å"help create a world of democratic, well-governed states that can meet the needs of their citizens and conduct themselves responsibly in the international system† (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 1) through leading the international effort to end tyranny and promote effective democracy. Closely related to the goal of ending tyrannies, the US recognizes its role in helping newly free nations in the building of effective democracies – states which respect human dignity, are accountable to their citizens, and responsible towards their neighbors. Democracy is concretely expressed through elections wherein individuals and parties committed to the equality of all citizens, minority rights, civil liberties, voluntary and peaceful transfer of power, and the peaceful resolution of differences can freely participate, as well as the presence of institutions which protect individual liberty, independent media, freely competing political associations and political parties, an independent judiciary, professional legal establishment, and an honest and competent police force. This commitment to the promotion of freedom is coursed through several tactics varying among countries reflecting the culture and history of its people, from vocal and visible steps on behalf of immediate change to more quiet support laying the foundation for future reports. The US shall lead and call on other nations in a common international effort, yet it does not hesitate to act on its own if need be. Grave problems arise when the US is seen as intervening in what other countries may perceive as largely domestic affairs which does not concern Washington, and the perception of democracy as a Western imposition even in non-Western countries, fueling resentment and claims of on-going cultural imperialism in the promotion of American values even in still-largely traditional societies. World Peace Conflict among nations can arise from a variety of causes – external aggression, competing claims, internal revolt, poor governance, ethnic and religious differences, among others – which if left unaddressed, can eventually result to humanitarian disasters, the failure of states, and ungoverned areas which can become harbor terrorists. To address this, the Bush administration seeks to implement three levels of engagement: (1) conflict intervention; (2) post-conflict stabilization; and (3) reconstruction (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 15). In terms of ensuring peace in an often tumultuous international arena of competing nations, the most effective long-term measure for conflict prevention and resolution is the promotion of democracy (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 15). This is in line of the view that though effective democracies may still have disputes, they are more equipped to solve such differences through peaceful means, either bilaterally or in cooperation with other international institutions, formations or regional states. As some conflicts pose such grave threats to the broader national interests, conflict intervention may be deemed necessary to restore peace and stability, particularly in circumstances wherein the international community does not have enough trained military forces capable of performing peace-keeping missions. This has led to close the government closely working with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in improving state capacities for intervention in conflict situations, and support to the UN reforms seeking to improve its ability to carry out peacekeeping missions characterized by enhanced accountability, oversight and results-based management practices (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 16). And the third level of engagement takes into consideration the need for post-conflict stabilization and reconstruction once peace has been restored. History has borne witness to success as resulting from the early establishment of strong local institutions, e. g. a functional judiciary and penal system, effective police systems, and enhancing governance capacity critical to the establishment of the rule of law and a free market economy, on the assumption that these in turn would provide the key to long-term stability and prosperity. It is also interesting to note that the pursuit of American interests is to be accomplished within the framework of cooperative relationships, particularly with its ‘oldest and closest friends and allies’ (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 35). Another priority is the prevention of any re-emergence of the great power rivalries which had divided the world in previous eras, in such a way that these new approaches are flexible enough to permit effective action even in the face of differences of opinions among friends, yet strong enough to confront challenges. These principles guide American international relations, notably within its own hemisphere (the Western Hemisphere) considered the ‘frontline of defense of American national security’ (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 37) which is envisioned to be fully democratic, bound together in good will, security cooperation and opportunity for all its citizens to prosper. Concretely, the goal includes strengthening relations with regional partners to make multilateral institutions, e. g. the Inter-American Development Bank, more effective and better able in fostering concerted action addressing threats to the region’s stability, prosperity, security or democratic progress. The Bush administration has identified key threats to international security in the form of rogue states, and its taking on a hard-line policy towards these states which could possibly fuel resentment and strong feelings of anti-Americanism among their peoples. World peace does not appear any less elusive in the contemporary period despite the end of the Cold War and the bipolarization of the world, as poverty, social inequality, racial, ethnic and religious differences continue to create social divides among people. Human Rights Tyranny is defined as the ‘combination of brutality, poverty, instability, corruption, and suffering forged under the rule of despots and despotic systems’ (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006, p. 3), as is the case under the nations of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Iran, Syria, Cuba, Belarus and Burma, which treated the world’s interest in freedom’s expansion and immediate security threats as well, i. e. their pursuit of weapons of mass destruction (The National Security Strategy of the United States of America 2006. The goal of human rights promotion is closely related to the pursuit of democracy, world peace, and the promotion of global free trade. This becomes particularly acute when one considers political liberties and democratic institutions as vital towards attaining greater economic freedom, opportunities and prosperity in the context of a market economy. Chomsky (1982) notes that the US is no more engaged in programs of international good will than any other state has been as foreign policy is designed and implemented by narrow groups deriving their power from the domestic sources of state capitalism and control over the domestic economy. Within the nation-state, the effective ‘national interest’ is by and large articulated by those who control the central economic institutions, leaving the formulation of its disguise for the technocratic and policy-oriented intelligentsia. Human rights violations have been charged against US soldiers in occupied territories as well as among those in peace-keeping missions. Specific cases of human rights violations have been documented in US bases in South Korea, Japan, and in the former US bases in the Philippines. The preferential treatment for and custody of US soldiers in case of trial and conviction is also a major sore point between the US government and the ‘host’ countries.

Processes Innovation And Sustainable Development In Society Commerce Essay

Processes Innovation And Sustainable Development In Society Commerce Essay Propose new ways to manage sustainable development objective for to improve the quality of life on all side, Whether on business in the manufacturing of use of resources it is about new ways to manage sustainable development and environmental resource planning in society. Production of integrated model that promotes innovation in production processes and objectives of Slovenia on social development is to improve the quality of life and welfare of all persons measured by indicators of human development and social risks and sustainable development to include the three aspects. The economic, social and environmental. Linked and interrelated any development project. The third element to consider in this sustainable development is something that far more than just the environment. And so on Innovation technology, sustainability and society Jurgan Dorman [2001] This method is improve sustainability all for society all for society development on to innovation to become more sustainable. The method is how new products and service and can aims to help companies to identify market needs to match their core competence all of these to develop knowledge and innovation in the profession. Encouraging business to innovate to become more sustainable. It aims to help companies to identify market needs to match their core competences, and how new products and services can be developed. by helping to develop social study by young people seeking opportunities to learn to work together. And graduate education to develop knowledge and innovation in the profession but Sustainable innovation climate change mitigation Nelson , New York [1993] To climate change mitigation in natural resources and environment problems that occur because of rapid population increase. The idea is to use the system to for promoting sustainable innovation for climate mitigation is manage natural resources in the form plant communities relative to the climate. Natural resources and environmental problems that occur. Because of rapid population increase. The deterioration of natural resources quickly timely. Essentially relies on a database. Management system. Improve information systems at any time. Convert the area to be effective. Committee has been involved with teaching and learning, as well as GIS GIS application used to manage natural resources in the form of research with many different projects such as application of remote sensing and geographic information system or Sustainability and innovation, learning and Culture change to develop the principle that underpin of innovation effecting cultural change a learning organization need to progression from environmental management to sustainability management. These definitions share a view that long-term economic and social change can only be sustainable and beneficial when safeguarding the natural resources upon which development depends. But this means that managing the trade-off between the three legs of sustainability, is the greatest challenge to capitalist organization behavior .There cannot be a win situation for all of the three spheres of sustainability in the short term only in the long term within the sustainability framework. It is crucial that this area is addressed in the evolution of sustainability management systems organizations must have a solid basis to build their systems on so that the best advantage can be made of learning and evolving beyond the implementation of EMSs as they are currently constructed. Malcolm McIntosh, Bela Arora [2001] 2 Innovation and Sustainability in central Europe Imre Kovcah[2006]- Competition in the business on creative thinking of The direct answer to mind of consumers are product or service development walk next goal is one of the market, And maintain that commitment with the creation of sustainable growth to continue. As well as personal development. All of these are the work of operators to use both science and art of planning. Increasing competitive pressures are strongly associated with globaliszation of economy and economic structures. So, the question is how companies, regions and states are able to face up these pressures and become more competitive within the global economy. It is impossible to build up economy of the Czech Republic on the strategy of low-cost economy profiting from provisionally low input costs (especially low wages). This strategy is menaced by eastern countries with traditional cheap labour force (e.g. China, India) and the Czech Republic must build up its economy on different basis. It is necessary to encourage innovatory ability of companies, increasing quality of human resources, research and new technologies to become more competitive not only within the Europe but also all over the world. All these factors are significant for innovatory economic development within the Czech Republic. So, it is necessary to research the ability of regions within the Czech Republic to absorb or induce innovatory economic development. National innovation policy in modern developed states is one of the most significant and efficiency policies. There are innovation policies formulated not only at the national but also at the regional level in the developed states. Projects and their sources, dynamics, social availability and 3 Sustainable Business Model: Time for innovation Diane Osgood [2009] as these markets develop, their power can be integrated into business models and harnessed to help consumer make smart choices. Heres an illustrative case study :Due to local regulation in New South Wales, Australia, individuals can bundle their validated reduction in carbon emission and sell them on the NSW carbon market. An entrepreneurial company, easy being green, created a business trading energy-efficient light bulbs for individuals carbon credit when the price for carbon was high, this was a nicely profitable business that gave consumer a financial reward for switching to an energy-efficient product. Price volatility in the carbon market caused this pioneering venture to go belly up. Indeed, failure will always be a part of the pioneering landscape, especially when commodities have unstable market support. Creativity in order in order to produce goods and services create new value in it self for success business innovation side and the rigorous process of i nnovation management but 4 Sustainability Management, innovation and entrepreneurship In this method is helping the invention of products, support or protection. Because although the state agency that provide support for any innovation is protected with the idea to create sustainable that is a patented (Patent) with the development to the benefit of the commercial, Protection technology produces, Was instrumental in building alliances, Promoting investment To be set up manufacturing bases in the country and promote investment in research, Improve the quality of products continuously. This will lower the price. Weber [2005] Hà ¼lsmann[2003] a resource management sustainable when supply and consumption of material and imam-terial resources are balanced out. Just like the market is an institution that balances demand and supply; this resource community is the virtual place where resource consumption and supply are balanced out. For businesses this implies two different definitions of success (Hà ¼lsmann 2003): Companies have to be successful in the market (be profitable) and to main-tain their vital resources (be economical). Sustainability and innovation are deeply connected Nick Carlson [2101] In this theory, related to innovation and sustainable improvements and new development to be a good thing for example, manufactures detergent Tide has revealed that. Washing powder in his niche in the hot wash is most effective. Green tiles and glass tiles, glass tiles, the study found that when the new production will help reduce raw material and energy rather than ceramic tiles. The found that enable the development of good quality and economical as well innovation Are deeply connected thats have been developing some things new , and improving old products and products and processes through sustainable design. Furthermore still have been products that reduce raw material and energy waste that small changes shared by large bodied of people of people to commit the most changes in the same way 5 Sustainable innovation organized by the centre for sustainable design Martin Charter Tom Clark, [2007] Sustainable innovation organized by the centre for sustainable design products that have been developing in the median long-term many opportunity in response to market demand to be useful need for implementation in business will have to changes from experiences. The urgency of sustainable innovation is becoming internationally recognized as a vital contribution if not a panacea towards a sustainable future. The economic and business opportunities are also being recognized as immense. There are emerging positive signals of strengthening drivers and activity by governments and business recognition and discussion of the problems, however, is far from universal and recognition does not inevitably lead to a solution. Societies, economies and markets are still a long way from making the necessary changes to create widespread demand for sustainable products and services, and therefore demand for sustainable innovation but Invention and Innovation for sustainable development Although sustainable innovation is the practice of protecting the environment while improving living standards for all, and innovation and innovation is key to its success. Invention and innovation for sustainable development isnt just about developing new technology, but includes new processes and new ways of solving old problems creative despite the fact that people everywhere have an innate ability to be creative, rich country are not doing enough to stimulate and harness invention and creative thinking, and poor country tend to stifle innovation and creativity outright. Invention and innovation for sustainable development sustainable development is for all country, not just developing ones. While rich country need to develop their own impact on the environment, poor country need to develop their own innovation capacity in order to address their own particular needs. Julia Marton Lefever, Chair [2003] 6 Directional Certainty in Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Management Niko Paech [2000] Directional Certainty in Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Management the innovation process requires a different structure are not committed to the optimization its start should be returned to the decision level which the innovation direction Directional certainty then takes on a level of importance which extends beyond mere fine-tuning Therefore, if it is to serve the purpose of sustainable development, a change of course cannot be achieved while the mode of change remains otherwise structurally unchanged. Even innovations meant to be sustainable can have unintended effects, leave scars, and accelerate growth in consumption also Innovation management methods and tools for sustainable product service system Jelsma J(2000) , Mont O (2001) Innovation management method for sustainable product service system in case study is the act introducing something new tangible product and in tangible product create something new tangible product and in tangible product create something new or different from the others based on changes to create an opportunity and must be clear and focus on the development and most importantly, the act must be done innovation has to happen innovation one step. However, innovation in organization all organizations will then be successful most important cause of behavior due to the blocking ability of innovation that is not accepted or are afraid of what will be changed. Therefore important that business must be deal before proceeding with the organization for innovation we should need understand the overall business environment or industry groups that exist at present, which is considered appropriate in terms of the need for change , environment within the enterprise i s ready to innovation in the organization or not whether in terms of funding and personnel but 7 Technological innovation fostering sustainable development: some case study in Belgium. difference and thinking same on paragraph technological innovation fostering sustainable development in case studies, Which are drivers for innovation is however not only based on technology, but also on a dynamic management of human resource and long-term to the evolution of potential markets, case study of sustainable technology that differ from spreading to other technology to compare the distribution of their use of technology to promote innovation to diversify the group of potential adopters because most small organizations are often linked to the global organization of Belgian and Research will be sold to a wide range of products covering a comprehensive new teacher and the problem is depends on the response to external pressures. Environmental protection in a competitive trading standards lead to a new replacement product at the firm level reveal that there is not a single pattern of interactions between market strategy, environmental pressure, innovation process, human resour ce management and the regulatory and political context sustainable development opens opportunities for new products and markets, which are drivers for innovation. Innovation is however not only based on technology, but also on a dynamic management of human resource and a long-term approach to the evolution of potential markets. Gerard Valenduc, Cecile Patris, Francoise Warrant (1997-2001) Sustainable innovation organization and goal finding Bansal P, Roth K. (2000) sustainable innovation organization and goal finding explores the persona of the change agents and leader new in terms of transformational strategies for sustainability in order to identify the people with right set of behaviors as well as to develop the right set of techniques to make the transformation change to sustainability also 8 The role of Nature in Sustainable Innovation (Beaver, 2001) the rule of nature in sustainable innovation it may be noted, to paraphrase Beaver, that over 60% of all economic growth is due to technological advance rather than improvements in labor productivity. Jacobs (2007) The emphasize the importance of design in products and processes and the need to cooperate with partners in long term projects. They focus with partners on sustainable product development, marketing programs, sourcing and supply chains to improve health, social justice and long term prospects in addition to How innovation supports sustainability? Accord how to supports sustainable well define how countries can meet the needs of their people today without compromising those of future generation it has been a guiding principle for world economic development. Dow Cronming [2004] Forum 2009 making sustainable innovation real IXL center [2008] making sustainable innovations real are excellence and leadership will feature leaders in resource efficiency, clean and renewable energy, and sustainable construction and development but however it different with link between sustainability related innovation about thoughts that can be liked in different to be the success of the other industry to adapt to the organization people will be able to link and combine things together should be a person experienced a variety to see. Was faced with the every things that are fairly large and diverse experience is an important feature. For innovation by dint of thinking thoughts that can be linked in different ways, if simple is to learn from the experiences of others, especially from industry and other business but 9 Links between sustainability-related innovation and sustainability management This is because they tend to limit our learning to live, only in industry organizations operate to miss or lose the opportunity to learn and experience. The success of other industries to adapt to the organization people will be able to link and combine things together should be a person experienced a variety to see. Was faced with the very things that are fairly large and diverse experience is an important feature. Marcus Wagner, [2008] Sustainable Innovation and the Prometheus Effect Mark W Mcelroy[2004] sustainable innovation and the Prometheus effect action taken on the basic of knowledge about what work, social and environment related to business and globalization since our prevailing epistemologies legitimize such position by resorting to the same fallacious appeals but Science, Innovation, and Sustainability Chris Hollstedt [1996] Innovation and sustainability of science is to develop and establish goals to conserve the worlds biodiversity, sustainable use of components and the equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic also 10 Science, technology and innovation for sustainable development Machael Bordt , juio Miguel Rose and Johnne Boivin[2006] science technology innovation has taken on a multitude of meanings foundations of a more peaceful, prosperous and just world based on the principles of human dignity, equity at the global level are admirable, they are not based on a systematic concept framework that account the functional relationship between its various components. However Volunteer Tourism: Sustainable Innovation in Tourism, or just Pettin the Critters? what is whether of the development is a study of relationship between two volunteer tourism host thats suffering from a lack of affordable health care with minimal access to quality public education and healthy food and drink both are experience the benefit and the challenges of receiving volunteer tourists this is an attempt to illuminate the relationships between and among volunteer tourists Nancy G. Mcgehee[2005] Sustainability Innovation (Student Challenge) University of Michigan[2015] sustainability commitments the Dow chemical company has established the Dow sustainability innovation student challenge award to recognize innovation aligned with companys sustainability goals based on demonstrated academic excellence in the field of sustainability in the same way 11 The Dow sustainability Innovation Student Challenge Dow set important goals improve the environment, health and safety performance of people around the world and was recognized for its achievements strengthening relationships within the communities where Dow operates, continue to improve our product stewardship and innovation to solve the worlds most pressing problems, and reducing our global footprint. The Dow Challenge presents a unique opportunity to recognize outstanding students at the University of Michigan for their innovative ideas in pursuit of sustainability. On behalf of the University of Michigan, the Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute has accepted responsibility for the promotion and management of this program. Noah Wilson Rich[1995] Sustainable Innovation (Drivers and Barriers) Andrew Dearing [1236] Drivers and Barriers sustainability innovation about the link between their own values and those of their customers but there is much more to be done and important lessons to be learned and applied, especially to obtain innovation that addresses the social pillar of sustainable development. There are many ways in which other stakeholders can assist these efforts sustainable development is a metaphor for opportunity and progress as well as a reminder of obligations and uncertainty. It requires a step-change improvement in performance. Merely doing better what we are already doing is not sufficient to meet the needs and aspirations of a growing world population with dignity. At the same time, commercial success depends upon carrying out business in value-creating ways and 12 Sustainability (Driven by innovation) Carsten Beverungen [2009] driven by innovation targeting markets driven by wellness and sustainability their worldwide presence and consumer insight enable us to support our customers in boosting efficiency and in serving target groups that personal well-being and comfort With our throng focus on natural, renewable raw materials, we follow the logic of nature. As a successful company, we seek to play an intergral, proactive role within the wider social environment always showing deep respect for the cultures in which we operate. With our trong focus on natural, renewable raw materials, we follow the logic of nature. Accordingly, they seek to work in harmony with the environment. Their products, concepts and services enable our customers to reduce the ecological impacts of their products and processes but Sustainability Innovation Lab (Engage) In theory, this involves design In order to provide better social and ecological systems. This innovation requires the cooperation of the community. And the actual trial. To develop the resources and the environment in a better way besides different thinking about innovation lab engage focus on a key issue it was clear while this innovation this innovation lab was customized to the dilemma and context of this particular client, the process architecture and manner of hosting are relevant to other largess stakeholder issues seeking to spur innovation and action in a short period of time. Peter Merry and Tatiana Glad[2009] 13 Sustainable Saudi business tourism (SBT) innovation: improving the position of SBT coping with information system Kiss [2004] In theory about the process of tourism development is sustainable. Based on elements of product and service development, these events will vary. Both products. And patterns of service. This will all depend on the environment and the knowledge that it is an advantage in business. Sustainable development will lead to the development of something new and better efficiency. The concept of sustainable development has received attention of academic and government are significant and have contributed significantly. This has resulted in the development of sustainable tourism operators have the opportunity to achieve a high. Sustainable business tourism we study this theory about process sustainable waste components products and service development competition this will instead them in order to at how different products present them smart changes rules if they Dioxide order of magnitude on the other hand, From the editor / why green is growing (when not much else is) also they study about the concept of sustainable tourism development has received attention in academic and government support and is very explicit in a number of policies for sustainable tourism and books document. The discussion of sustainable tourism is often limited to analysis of how to ensure continuity of travel by reducing the negative impacts in other words, it may be pointed out that the concept of sustainable tourism, a lot of about the continuity of tourism than it is about support for the sustainability of tourism. Harper Collins, [2009] 14 Advancing sustainability though change and innovation: A co-evolutionary perspective Coupland, Ehrenfeld[2005] In theory, this will tell the benefits of decisions and the impact of what variations. Such as evolution ,ecological, social and participatory If the service.   How to adjust the social system and ecosystem, can enable a new social norm of the structure and making process decision. Correlated evolution of interacting with a dynamic ecosystem of emergency activities worth empowerment in the country have adapted by developing a high level of science knowledge to solve the problem of the risk of continuing. Environmental risks associated with the distribution.   Society is reflected in new   criteria and procedures relating to the environmental consult around the community. Advancing sustainability through change and innovation that how to adjust between social system and ecosystems can enable a new social norms and processes of decision-making structure of the community evolution relationship to interact with a dynamic ecosystem of emergency activities i n the country have adapted by developing a high level of scientific knowledge around issues, making them toxic to engage in continuing although 15 Innovation system dynamic and sustainable development challenges for policy Dr.Maj Munch Andersen[2004] National Innovation System is a network of institutions in the national economy with activity and interaction between them. National innovation agency recognize the importance of increase competitiveness of national industry with the goal of intervening in the innovation strategy of the industry is restructuring or fundamentals of the industry. Innovation system dynamic social of norms and processes provide innovation planning system to make exchange of knowledge to initiatives to alter the import and innovation of technology to generate new business with higher added values and innovation as an alternative to the strategy that industry. The NIS perspective, this journal has argued, make up a new rational in environmental policymaking, the possible implications of which yet need to be further explored and tried out. At first the NIS approach seems to resemble the IPP (integrated product policy) as promoted by environmental policy in later years. But while both seek to promote company voluntary environmental action however, 16 Education, research innovation for sustainable development education, research and innovation for sustainable development as for global knowledge dissemination, one is left to wonder what policies can be envisaged to help SME to access knowledge that has been publicly promoted, suggested that both competition and co-operative research, to develop a global innovative society, pointed out the importance of Third Level Education for the optimal creation and utilization of science in innovative activities, both for the economy and the society as a source of technological and social innovations .Patrizia Tiberi Vipraio [2007] Education for sustainable development innovations programs in African university UNESCO [2006-2007] We study this theory about the purpose of the UNDESCO to facilitate networking and exchange link. And interaction among stakeholders in ESB, of the quality of the increase of teaching and learning in education for sustainable development, helping the country to make progress and achieve Millennium development goals through ESD. Efforts, and country with new opportunity to incorporate ESD into efforts to reform education. Mainstreaming environment and sustainability into university partnership aims to enhance the quality and policy relevance of university education in through the implementation of environment and sustainability as an underlying topic in diverse curricula and as practice in all other aspects of university life which will benefit the lives and careers of the direct program participants but 17 Sustainable innovation and business schools David Cooperrider [2003] We study this theory about the design is committed to build. Thinking and design skills. Experience into it self designed to introduce the innovation of its own for product development. Idea of the design process and are thought to vary. Depending on who invented the form of such things. Perhaps that is designed to be a problem. This decay is designed to develop the fix came out perfect. To take advantage of products and value products different sustainable innovation in school they believe that faculty in business school everywhere should be engaging in this kind of process, designing for a sustainable world. Management essence all about directing vision and resource toward inspiring the strongest joint performance and achieving the greatest results, in the same way Sustainability innovation in United Kingdom schools Sustainability innovation in United Kingdom school for learning environment learning difficulties, the overriding aim is to create socially progressive and resource efficient designs. The designs should provide inspiration learning environments shaped around people and deliver improved environmental performance in the present, they should also ensure the building has the ability to incorporate further renewable and low carbon solutions in the future, as the economic. Sustainable thinking has played a key role in generating exemplary educational buildings and master plans. Whether an innovative technology academy or a low energy school for students with learning difficulties, the overriding aim is to create socially progressive and resource efficient designs. Its sustainability credentials comprise the following : Passive cooling Thermal mass is extensively used to eliminate the need to install mechanical cooling. Earth tubes To further increase passive cooling, under the school and up through concrete risers, thereby using ground source cooling to temper the air prior to introducing it into the teaching areas. Winter Gardens These are key to passive stack ventilation in summer and reservoirs for heat reclamation in winter. Orientation The building is designed to catch low angle sunlight in walkways where it can be captured and reused through central air handling units with heat exchangers, while avoiding summer sun angles and overheating. Classrooms predominantly face north to minimise the use of blinds and maximise the quality and quantity of daylight. Head, W. and R. Buckingham[2009] 18 Innovation and sustainability : empirical influences of environmental management on corporate RD in Europe Albrecht ,J [1998] empirical influences of environmental management on corporate in Europe environmental management system and particular manger activity to reduce negative environment impacts have a positive influence on the probability of firms to carry out environment innovation, short environmental innovation in order to avoid a common issue with empirical on the other hand, Knowledge, innovation and sustainability the implementation of voluntary environmental policy in Greece: the case of environmental management system Radaelli, 2004; Boorze Risse [2000] for example this case study of environmental management system the implementation of environmental management systems for both enterprise and city level there new tools are considered to be crucial instruments for sustainable development and ecological modernization strategy, because they support ecological efficiency and innovation the implementation of EMS and the adoption of innovative technology can help the reduction of emissions, the saving of energy and water and the environmental awareness of the public 19 Sustainability innovation cube A framework to evaluate sustainability of products innovations Erik G. Hansen [1987] sustainability innovation a framework evaluate sustainability of product innovations introducing the concept of sustainability-oriented innovation they highlighted the fact that objective evaluation methods for defining sustainability-related innovations do currently not exist due to the multidimensionality of sustainability. Instead, SOI are innovations which are individually perceived as adding positive value to sustainable developmen

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Essay example -- Fertility Chemistry

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis In the United States, an estimated 2.3 million couples are considered infertile [Wekesser, 1996]. This creates a large need for infertility specialists and clinics specializing in fertility treatments. With the quickly advancing field of rep roductive services and the quest for creating better, healthier babies, a new service called Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is being offered in conjunction with In vitro fertilization. PGD is a procedure that combines In vitro fertilization and genetic screening. In vitro fertilization is a procedure that requires a large time commitment; the entire procedure lasts about four weeks. The woman receives daily injections for seven to twelve days to stimulate the release of her eggs. After she begins to ovulate, the eggs are retrieved by inserting a needle through her vaginal wall. The eggs are then fertilized in a petri dish. After fertilization, the resulting embryos are allowed to mature to the six or eight cell stage. Then with the use of micromanipulation, a technician extracts one cell from each embryo. Polymerase Chain Reaction is then used to produce multiple copies of the cell’s DNA. [Wekesser,1996] Scientists are then able to test for specific disorders once they know the location of the gene that causes the disorder and have developed a test for its presence [Jaroff,1996]. The healthy embryos are implanted or frozen for future use, and the unhealthy e mbryos are d iscarded [Kenen,1994]. This procedure is still being perfected and clinics that perform this procedure are scarce. According to Denise Grady [1995], in the United States there are only seven clinics that perform PGD. Development/History PGD was developed to increase the ... ...se In vitro f ertilization and PGD to eliminate people such as these. Everyone deserves the chance to live and experience all that our world has to offer—good and bad. Life is a beautiful experience References: Grady, Denise. Unnatural Selection. Vogue. October 1995. Holme, Howard. Choose Better Human Genes. Obtained from the WWW: HOLME Jaroff, Leon. Keys to the Kingdom. Time. Fall 1996. V148. N14. Kenen, Regina H. Pregnancy in the Genetic Age. The Network News. July-August 1994. V19. N4. Macer Darryl R.J. Shaping Genes: Ethics, Law and Science of Using New Genetic Technology in Medicine and Agriculture. Obtained from the WWW: MACER Maranto, Gina. Quest for Perfection: The Drive to Breed Better Human Beings. Simon and Schuster: New York, NY. 1996. Wekesser, Carol ed. Reproductive Technologies. Greenhaven Press, Inc: San Diego, CA. 1996.

Literary Elements and Time Setting in Ethan Frome Essay -- essays rese

Ethan Frome Love does not always have happy endings. People can fall in and out of love as easily as changing clothes. "Ethan Frome," a novel by Edith Wharton, explains how a married man named Ethan struggles on with his life, secretly distracted by the yearning for his wife's cousin, Mattie Silver. The author uses literary elements and time setting in the story. Wharton has been generous in using literary elements in the novel. She has put together senses of personification and similies to thoroughly describe the plot of the story. In personifying the kitchen ornaments, the author uses "...-were hastily refreshing themselves at one corner of the supper-table which aligned its devastated pie dishes and ice cream saucers on the platform at the end of the hall." In this selection, Whar...

Guardian :: essays papers

Guardian He stood at a crossroads. He turned in one direction, and found his small battalion fleeing from the spot, leaving him to the coming evil. Turning the other way he found a dark horizon, and knew that shortly beyond it lay a myriad amount of soldiers, each one branded with the stink of malice. And he lay at the crossroads. The full moon's glow appeared out of the murk of clouds above, as if to warn of coming danger. The lone warrior trembled in the frosty winter air, and let out a deep breath, then watching the mist disintegrate into the air. Sounds were beginning to flow up from beyond that dark horizon. The evil one and his war force were coming. He turned slowly and mounted his mighty black stallion, still trembling with fear and cold. He reluctantly started it at a slow pace toward the edge of the cliff that marked the path of flight. He stared down at the thing that lay at the bottom of that cliff, marveling in its wonder. A small town lay there. It was a simple town, much like any other, but he was suddenly moved by it. It lay at the bottom of the valley, made up of a few buildings and a few families. The people of the town went about their business each day, most likely in the same manner every time. Each person probably knew every other person, and everyone was everyone's neighbor. They never hurt anything, and they probably never would. And now the evil one lay only a few paces away and the poor, ignorant villagers had no idea. No, they only knew their farms and the growing seasons, and each other. And they hadn't done a thing. No, they were innocents in long a bloody war, and they did not deserve their inevitable fate. The man considered this, and was surprised to find a tear in his eye. He squinted and looked down at the town once more, finding it a work of art. The stars above appeared bright orbs of light, protecting the tiny town of innocents below. The heavens above strived to reach down to that place, to save it from the evil of the earth, to protect the innocent. The orbs reached out to the village, acting as great guardians of the pure. Guardian :: essays papers Guardian He stood at a crossroads. He turned in one direction, and found his small battalion fleeing from the spot, leaving him to the coming evil. Turning the other way he found a dark horizon, and knew that shortly beyond it lay a myriad amount of soldiers, each one branded with the stink of malice. And he lay at the crossroads. The full moon's glow appeared out of the murk of clouds above, as if to warn of coming danger. The lone warrior trembled in the frosty winter air, and let out a deep breath, then watching the mist disintegrate into the air. Sounds were beginning to flow up from beyond that dark horizon. The evil one and his war force were coming. He turned slowly and mounted his mighty black stallion, still trembling with fear and cold. He reluctantly started it at a slow pace toward the edge of the cliff that marked the path of flight. He stared down at the thing that lay at the bottom of that cliff, marveling in its wonder. A small town lay there. It was a simple town, much like any other, but he was suddenly moved by it. It lay at the bottom of the valley, made up of a few buildings and a few families. The people of the town went about their business each day, most likely in the same manner every time. Each person probably knew every other person, and everyone was everyone's neighbor. They never hurt anything, and they probably never would. And now the evil one lay only a few paces away and the poor, ignorant villagers had no idea. No, they only knew their farms and the growing seasons, and each other. And they hadn't done a thing. No, they were innocents in long a bloody war, and they did not deserve their inevitable fate. The man considered this, and was surprised to find a tear in his eye. He squinted and looked down at the town once more, finding it a work of art. The stars above appeared bright orbs of light, protecting the tiny town of innocents below. The heavens above strived to reach down to that place, to save it from the evil of the earth, to protect the innocent. The orbs reached out to the village, acting as great guardians of the pure.

Scarlet Letter – Pearl Character Analysis

Pearl is a major character in the novel because she impacts everyone’s decisions in the book in some way. Though she is young throughout most of the novel, she acts older than most of the adults. With being the product of a sin, Pearl has to deal with a lot. She defends herself and her mother from the cruel remarks of the town. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the character, Pearl, as a symbol for a hint of happiness in the sadness and regret of a sin. Pearl, throughout the novel, is used as a main character and a symbol. Her presence in the book brings out the other main characters’ true character. She asks them questions they have to think hard about themselves. Pearl draws attention to their faults, such as what they are overlooking in their lives. She is portrayed as wiser than her years. The author wants her to seem more honest and more understanding than the adults in the novel. After Hester gets out of jail, Pearl is the only thing she has. â€Å"She named the infant â€Å"Pearl,† as being of great price- purchased with all she had- her mother's only treasure!† (Hawthorne, 61) Her name means that she came at a â€Å"great price† to Hester, and she is all her mother has. Pearl is a victim of Hester sins. She has to deal with children and adults harassing her. Pearl is constantly referred to as a devil child in the book. Pearl is a living thing symbolizing the scarlet letter. Pearl is very perceptive to things around her. â€Å"Children will not abide any, the slightest, change in the accustomed aspect of things that are daily before their eyes. Pearl misses something that she has always seen me wear!† (Hawthorne, 144) Her mother decides to take her letter off, and Pearl notices. She was so used to seeing her mother with the letter, so she throws a temper tantrum. Pearl observes many things, like the way people act around her. In The Scarlet Letter, the author uses Pearl, as a symbol for happiness in the regret of a sin. She helps most of the adults learn more about themselves, and look deeper than on the surface. She makes them come out with their sins. She is a major character in the book because she touches everyone’s lives in some way.

Discrimination In Employment

Discrimination of human beings has always existed throughout society, and most probably will always continue in this fashion. For centuries people have been discriminating others and have been discriminated against for factors that they are powerless to prevent, such as their skin colour, sexuality or gender.However, with a new multi-cultural society being created, race has now become the principal form of discrimination throughout the world. Making it the primary source of discrimination within multi-cultural companies and thus the employment sector, due to the high number of different races being present. To tackle this situation numerous steps have been taken within the political setting to stamp out discrimination within employment.The main federal laws in place prohibiting employment discrimination, more noticeably recognised as the Federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Laws, are; Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), which prohibits employment discriminati on based on race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin; the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA), which protects men and women who perform substantially equal work in the same establishment from sex-based wage discrimination; the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), which protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older; Title I and Title V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), which prohibit employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in the private sector, and in state and local governments; Sections 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibit discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities who work in the federal government; and the Civil Rights Act of 1991, which, among other things, provides monetary damages in cases of intentional employment discrimination (EEO). DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#2 The U. S.Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces these laws and is op en for interaction with any citizen residing within the United States of America. Meaning that any individual is able to legally file a complaint or lawsuit against a company, if they believe that a company has broken one of these laws against them. Title VII prohibits not only intentional discrimination, but also practices that have the effect of discriminating against individuals because of their race, colour, national origin, religion, or sex; and therefore it is illegal to discriminate against an individual because of birthplace, ancestry, culture, or linguistic characteristics common to a specific ethnic group.This is the premier law that racial discrimination lawsuits base their foundation upon, as the actions of the employer to the employee illegally contradict the law’s principals. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that it is unlawful to discriminate against any employee or applicant because of their race, and that it is unlawful in regard to hiring, termination, co mpensation, assignment, or classification of employees; transfer, promotion, layoff, or recall; job advertisements; recruitment; testing; use of company facilities; training and apprenticeship programs; fringe benefits; pay, retirement plans, and disability leave; or any other condition within the realm of employment (VII).This therefore requires employers to provide equal employment opportunities to individuals, no matter what their race, colour or creed. However, if a promotion request of a Caucasian male within a company is accepted, whilst the request of an Asian male is rejected, the reasoning for this could easily be seen as racial discrimination against the Asian male. Allowing him to legally attempt to prosecute the company on grounds of unlawful practise, despite if the intentions of the employer were actually innocent. This situation was the case for small Solicitors firm where an Asian male successfully sued the company for over $3,000, as he believed he was rejected for promotion upon racial grounds.The firm was a dominant Caucasian enterprise within an area known for racial tension, between the Asian and DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#3 Caucasian communities. The employer stated that he believed the Caucasian male was more suited to the position, despite the Asian male having greater experience and more relevant qualifications. In October of 2005, Judge Sir Peter Irwin Casewell, ruled in favour of the Asian male, as he believed that racial discrimination had occurred and that employment laws had been breached. He ordered that the manager of the company, Mr. Edward K. Turrent, was to pay a sum of $3,200 in compensational damages to Mr.Aafiya Mumbtaz, for racial discrimination against the employee, hindering the progress of the individual’s career prospects, and disrespecting the employment laws set in place by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII (2&3). Due to the company being located within a racially charged area. I can fully unders tand the reasoning why the Asian male may feel repressed, and that the effecting variables were due to racial discrimination. Therefore I can understand why the company was suspected of breaking the civil rights act, as they refused promotion of a man of a different race, yet accepted a man of a their own creed, a breach of employment regulation.However, I do not believe that this incident was sufficient enough to award the â€Å"victim† over $3,000, as there is also the highly likely possibility that the company was acting accordingly. With the event occurring within a racially charged area, there is even the possibility that the Asian male was acting out of racial discrimination himself. Enforcing his revenge upon the Caucasian dominated firm, as he may be a racist individual, attempting to affect the business controlled by an opposite race. An additional reason why I would not have taken such drastic action is due to the fact that the Solicitors firm, whose workforce was a mere 12, employed the Asian male knowing that he was of a different race.If the company had practised racial discrimination, surely they would have rejected Mr. Mumbtaz upon application of the position, rather than reject his request for a promotion. DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#4 This to me shows evidence that a racist management did not control the firm, and therefore no racial discrimination within the business took place. Upon a more global scale, Apple Computers have recently been charged with a $40 million racial discrimination lawsuit, charging the company of unfair dismissal an African-American employee. Described by the plaintiff's attorney as â€Å"one the largest racial discrimination cases in U. S.history,† the suit alleges that the former employee was denied promotions and standard perks, isolated from co-workers; and then fired for a trivial offence. The suit was filed on October 30th in Santa Clara County Superior Court. The plaintiff, who did not reveal his name because he is currently looking for work, was an Apple employee from 1998 until he was fired in July 2005, working as a product design engineer. The lawsuit alleges that the plaintiff was fired after he brought a friend to work in April 2005, to encourage him to pursue a college education. Waukeen Q. McCoy, the plaintiff's attorney, stated that he believes his client has an exceptionally strong case for discrimination and wrongful termination.â€Å"His white counterparts have not been disciplined or terminated for bringing a friend or family member to campus, and it is a way for them to get him out of the company,† McCoy stated. He also believed that the plaintiff was receiving less pay than his white counterparts, an act that would be breaking employment laws. After bringing the friend to Apple's campus, the plaintiff was suspended, leading the company to launch an investigation before terminating the employee; who is now still without employment, currently looking for work in Silicon Valley. McCoy said that the employee had no prior problems and had an â€Å"above average† work record. When new management took control of the plaintiff's department within the company, he was immediately moved into a separate cubicle away from the rest of his groupDISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#5 for no apparent reason. This formed the foundations of the lawsuit as it provided a suspect indication of racial discrimination towards the employee. The attorney for this case, Waukeen Q. McCoy, has a track record for successfully prosecuting racial discrimination lawsuits. He was the lead plaintiff's attorney in the largest racial discrimination suit in U. S. history, the infamous â€Å"Carroll v. Interstate Brands Corporation† case. Interstate Brands, makers of Wonder Bread and other consumer foods, was sued by 15 African-American employees for refusing to hire and promote African-American employees.In August 2000, a jury awarded the plaintiffs $135 million, leading the case to be voted â€Å"Verdict of the Year† by Verdicts & Settlements Magazine. Waukeen Q. McCoy stated that he would be willing to settle the case if Apple made a reasonable offer. However this request has fallen upon deaf ears, as Apple have so far failed to respond to the letters that McCoy has sent. Waukeen Q. McCoy said to reporters â€Å"I think this is certainly something that corporate America should look at and think twice about doing to someone, singling them out like this,† whereas a spokesperson for Apple declined to comment on the case, citing a company policy of not discussing pending litigation (Apple).Unlike the previous case of the solicitors firm where I believe the employee was at fault, and discrimination was free from the employment sector, it is most likely that racial discrimination did indeed occur within the Apple firm. The United States of America has a tradition of African-American slavery; and due to this, racial discri mination is the main assumption as to why an African-American person should be sacked by a Caucasian company. However, with this conjecture comes the fact that it is also easy for an Africa-American male to claim that he was the victim of racial discrimination, as he knows the topic will receive a great deal of coverage, and put the company who he believes has offended him under significant pressure. The reasoning for this may be money driven, as they know DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#6that the company may agree upon an out of court settlement, protecting the company’s image and reputable status. Despite this, my opinion that racial discrimination was present is made almost certain by the accounts of the African-American being moved into a separate cubical for no apparent reason, and the fact that the African-American man was prosecuted for actions that his Caucasian counterparts were not. In doing this, I believe that the Apple firm has neglected the laws of the civil r ights movement by not cohering to the laws of pay, fringe benefits, and the usage of the company facilities; therefore using racial discrimination against there employee, and should consequently receive punishment for their actions.Unlike the previous lawsuit, the Apple Company has a large workforce and employment system. As a result, this means that they obviously employ a great deal more employees due to the high number of jobs available. This presents the possibility of employing African-American individuals out of necessity rather than out of preference. Holding prejudice and racial discrimination against the employee from his arrival to the organisation. Lawsuits such as this cannot so easily be assessed due to the nature of the event, as there is no actual evidence that whatever occurred originated from racially driven motives; consequently meaning that the case is therefore based upon opinions and beliefs.My personal outlook upon the term racism itself, the main factor of rac ial discrimination, is that it refers to beliefs or practices that differences exist between the genetics of various groups of human beings; and that these differences can be measured upon a scale of superior to inferior. This therefore presents the theory that one race is greater than the other, which is the outlook upon life I believe a racist person preaches. If a person believes that their race if superior to others, I do not think that they themselves should be judged against the law, due to the fact that it is there belief, only there actions. Thus the outcome of the Apple Computer court case and the majority of Discrimination withinDISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#7 Employment lawsuits, mainly Racial Discrimination, are forced upon becoming based upon the issues of morals and ethics. Morality is a complex set of principles based on cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which an individual determines whether his or her actions are right or wrong. The se concepts and beliefs are often generalized and codified by a culture or group, and thus serve to regulate the behaviour of its members. Conformity to such codification may also be called morality, and the group may depend on widespread conformity to such codes for its continued existence.A moral may refer to a particular principle, usually as informal and a general summary with respect to a moral principle, as it is applied in a given human situation (Morals). I believe that this statement shows that racial discrimination is indeed a moral topic, due to each race having their own morals, and most probably there racial actions originating from their form of morality. However despite this racial discrimination lawsuits cannot be assessed using this theory of philosophy, as morals do not determine what is right or wrong in the aspects of society, only for the particular individual in question. Ethics however refer to standards of conduct that indicate how one should behave, based up on moral duties and virtues; which themselves are derived from the principles of right and wrong.In order to apply this definition to practical decision-making it is necessary to specify the nature of the moral obligations considered intrinsic to ethical behaviour. There are two aspects to ethics: the first involves the ability to discern right from wrong, good from evil, and propriety from impropriety; whilst the second involves the commitment to do what is right, good and proper (Ethics). Due to this, I believe that this statement can easily be applied to the events that occur within the cases of racial discrimination within employment; as what employers have done to employees may not break the employment laws directly, however they impede the ethical laws within human society. DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Page#8If the situation of the Asian male lawsuit involved members of the same race, with the outcome being the same, it is most likely that no action would have been taken. Howe ver, if the situation within Apple Computers had involved a Caucasian male instead of an African American male, and the case was still taken to court. The lawsuit would then have to be resolved via the means of morals, as none of the employment laws would have been breached. This therefore leads to the conclusion that discrimination within employment is that of an ethical matter rather than being based upon moral principles. From what has been presented it is evident that discrimination occurs within the employment sector, no matter where the company is located, its size or the recognition that it withholds.It is not something that can easily be seen or addressed, such as the punctuality of an employee, and even if it is noticed it is then even more complicated to have any action taken. Throughout the world there is employment; employees looking for work, and employers looking for employees. Due to this there will always be racially mixed companies and, as long as there are racial b oundaries, racial discrimination within employment. Despite fair employment practises being in place to prevent discrimination within employment, the outcome is usually blinded by the nature of the event. Human society itself should be able to prevent this discrimination, without the need of imposed laws or regulations within the workplace.